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1 Emerging adult military-connected students express challenges transitioning into higher education: Implications for helping professionals

Emerging adult military-connected students express challenges transitioning into higher education: Implications for helping professionals

APA Citation:

Clary, K. L., & Byrne, L. (2023). Emerging adult military-connected students express challenges transitioning into higher education: Implications for helping professionals. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 47(1), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2021.1925176

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2021.1925176

Focus:

Substance use
Other

Branch of Service:

Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Army

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Veteran
Guard

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Clary, Kelly Lynn; Byrne, Lucy

Year: 2023

Abstract

Emerging adult (EA; aged 18–29) military-connected students experience major developmental changes, often coupled with the transition into the civilian sector and higher education. This conglomeration may exacerbate anxiety, stress, and negative coping mechanisms, including substance use. Substance use rates are highest among EAs, across the lifespan. To our knowledge, limited research has looked at EA military-connected students’ transition into higher education during this developmental stage. We qualitatively interviewed 16 EA military-connected students who reported high-risk substance use behaviors. To our knowledge, no student veteran research study has considered this characteristic. This is important since military members are more likely to misuse substances and encounter related consequences than their civilian counterparts, and these developmental and transitional stressors put them at higher risk for misusing substances. In 74-minute interviews, we asked participants about (1) challenges transitioning into higher education and (2) techniques helping professionals should use to support EA military-connected students. Two coders employed Thematic Analysis to identify themes using NVivo. We found challenges include: (1) starting over, (2) unable to relate to others, (3) lacking a purpose or plan, (4) support system changes, and (5) people view you as only a veteran. EA military-connected students’ suggestions for helping professionals include: (1) use straightforward communication, (2) show a genuine interest, (3) offer guidance on creating a support system, and (4) treat me as a human, not only a veteran. This study provides translational examples for helping professionals such as encouraging involvement in military and veteran community organizations to promote a sense of belonging.

2 “Always on parade”: Pregnancy experience of active-duty air force members

“Always on parade”: Pregnancy experience of active-duty air force members

APA Citation:

Day, M. A., Gil-Rivas, V., & Quinlan, M. M. (2023). “Always on parade”: Pregnancy experience of active-duty air force members. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 93(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000654

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000654

Focus:

Physical health
Parents

Branch of Service:

Air Force

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Day, M. A.; Gil-Rivas, Virginia; Quinlan, Margaret M.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Findings are reported from a qualitative study that sought to understand the maternity experience of active-duty women in the context of improved and expanded pregnancy accommodations. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 active-duty women serving in the United States Air Force (15 enlisted and 15 commissioned members). Women described experiencing negative pregnancy-related stereotypes and stigma in the workplace. Connotations unique to military culture were unavoidable changes to uniform and physical body shape, cultural expectations of fitness, and uniformity of dress/appearance. Use of necessary pregnancy accommodations led to increased exposure to stereotypes and stigma, such as being perceived as less disciplined, lazy, weak, or receiving unfair advantages/fewer duties at work. Women relied on “covering behaviors” to separate themselves from negative stereotypes. Extreme covering behaviors put pregnant women’s health and well-being at risk. Finally, women navigated a shift in priorities from an indoctrinated “service before self” perspective to a prioritization of personal health and well-being during pregnancy. Leadership skills were strengthened through this change in perspective, which were perceived as positively influencing unit morale, cohesion, productivity, and retention. Study findings suggest the military will experience limited success in fully integrating and retaining active-duty women due to an organizational climate that lags behind the recent, progressive improvements in pregnancy policies and accommodations. Organizational culture related to pregnancy within the military must be targeted for change to reduce negative stigma and pregnancy-related bias.

3 Body image and psychosocial well-being among UK military personnel and veterans who sustained appearance-altering conflict injuries

Body image and psychosocial well-being among UK military personnel and veterans who sustained appearance-altering conflict injuries

APA Citation:

Keeling, M., Williamson, H., Williams, V. S., Kiff, J., Evans, S., Murphy, D., & Harcourt, D. (2023). Body image and psychosocial well-being among UK military personnel and veterans who sustained appearance-altering conflict injuries. Military Psychology, 35(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2058302

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2058302

Focus:

Mental health
Trauma
Veterans

Branch of Service:

International Military

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Veteran

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Keeling, Mary; Williamson, Heidi; Williams, Victoria S.; Kiff, James; Evans, Sarah; Murphy, Dominic; Harcourt, Diana

Year: 2023

Abstract

A modest but significant number of military personnel sustained injuries during deployments resulting in an altered-appearance (e.g., limb loss and/or scarring). Civilian research indicates that appearance-altering injuries can affect psychosocial wellbeing, yet little is known about the impact of such injuries among injured personnel. This study aimed to understand the psychosocial impact of appearance-altering injuries and possible support needs among UK military personnel and veterans. Semi-structured interviews with 23 military participants who sustained appearance-altering injuries during deployments or training since 1969 were conducted. The interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, identifying six master themes. These themes indicate that in the context of broader recovery experiences, military personnel and veterans experience a variety of psychosocial difficulties related to their changed appearance. While some of these are consistent with evidence from civilians, military-related nuances in the challenges, protective experiences, coping approaches, and preferences for support are evident. Personnel and veterans with appearance-altering injuries may require specific support for adjusting to their changed appearance and related difficulties. However, barriers to acknowledging appearance concerns were identified. Implications for support provision and future research are discussed.

4 Sexual violence in military service members/veterans individual and interpersonal outcomes associated with single and multiple exposures to civilian and military sexual violence

Sexual violence in military service members/veterans individual and interpersonal outcomes associated with single and multiple exposures to civilian and military sexual violence

APA Citation:

Blais, R. K., Livingston, W. S., Barrett, T. S., & Tannahill, H. S. (2023). Sexual violence in military service members/veterans individual and interpersonal outcomes associated with single and multiple exposures to civilian and military sexual violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3-4), 2585-2613. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221101197

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221101197

Focus:

Trauma
Mental health
Physical health

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Veteran

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Blais, Rebecca K.; Livingston, Whitney S.; Barrett, Tyson S.; Tannahill, Hallie S.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Sexual harassment and violence is a grave public health concern and risk for revictimization increases following initial exposure. Studies of sexual revictimization in military samples are generally limited to women and are focused on rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with no examination of how revictimization relates to interpersonal outcomes, such as relationship or sexual satisfaction. The current study addressed these gaps in a sample of 833 women and 556 men service members/veterans. Self-reported outcomes of PTSD, depression, suicidal ideation, sexual function, and relationship satisfaction were compared across those reporting exposure to sexual harassment and violence before the military only (i.e., pre-military), during the military only (i.e., military sexual harassment and violence [MSV]), before and during the military (i.e., revictimization), and to no exposure. More than half of women (51.14%, n = 426) reported revictimization and only 5.79% (n = 28) of men reported revictimization. Among women, those reporting MSV or revictimization tended to report higher PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation relative to pre-military sexual violence and no sexual violence exposure. No interpersonal outcomes were significantly different among these sexual violence groups. Among men, revictimization was associated with higher PTSD, depression, and sexual compulsivity. PTSD and depression were also higher among those reporting MSV only. No effects were found for premilitary sexual trauma exposure only or relationship satisfaction for either group. Findings highlight the particularly bothersome nature of MSV, whether it occurred alone or in tandem with premilitary sexual violence. Findings also show unique gender differences across outcomes, suggesting interventions following sexual harassment and violence may differ for men and women.

Military-related relocation stress and psychological distress in military partners

APA Citation:

Ribeiro, S., Renshaw, K. D., & Allen, E. S. (2023). Military-related relocation stress and psychological distress in military partners. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001030

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001030

Focus:

Couples
Mental health
Deployment

Branch of Service:

Army

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Ribeiro, Sissi; Renshaw, Keith D.; Allen, Elizabeth S.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Spouses/partners play a crucial role in providing support to military service members (SMs), maintaining a sense of stability for the family, and supporting the overall mission of the armed forces. However, several aspects of the military lifestyle may impact their own psychological health. Much research has focused on the role of SMs’ deployments and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in partners’ distress, but no study has yet quantitatively investigated these factors in tandem with the common military life stressor of frequent relocations. The present study investigated the degree to which problems from service-related moves, couple deployment separation, and SMs’ PTSD symptoms uniquely predict partner psychological distress. Data were collected from female partners of Army soldiers who completed online surveys across four timepoints (over 1.5 years) following a deployment. Surveys assessed psychological distress, perceptions of SMs’ PTSD symptoms, problems from service-related moves, and deployment separation. Multilevel modeling was used, with longitudinal data treated as repeated measures (i.e., not modeling change over time). Results indicated that problems from service-related moves were associated with greater psychological stress, even when accounting for SMs’ PTSD symptoms and deployment separation. Deployment separation itself was not a significant predictor of psychological distress. Findings indicate that problems associated with frequent moves may be a significant contributor to increased psychological distress for partners above and beyond challenges associated with SMs’ PTSD symptoms. Recommendations for future research and limitations are also provided.

6 Relationship maintenance among military couples

Relationship maintenance among military couples

APA Citation:

Knobloch, L. K., Monk, J. K., & MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. (2023). Relationship maintenance among military couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 40(3), 734-772. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221105025

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221105025

Focus:

Couples
Deployment
Mental health

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Navy

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Guard
Reserve

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Knobloch, Leanne K.; Monk, J. Kale; MacDermid Wadsworth, Shelley M.

Year: 2023

Abstract

A burgeoning body of research on the relationship maintenance of military couples over the past two decades suggests the time is right to organize, assimilate, and critique the literature. We conducted a systematic review informed by the integrative model of relationship maintenance that considered issues of intersectionality. Our literature search identified 81 relevant journal articles representing 62 unique samples. With respect to theory, 59.3% of the journal articles employed one or more formal theoretical frameworks. In terms of research design, 88.7% of the studies focused on the U.S. military, 83.9% of the studies recruited convenience samples, 54.8% of the studies utilized quantitative methods, and 30.6% of the studies collected longitudinal data. Among the studies reporting sample demographics, 96.8% of participants were married, 77.2% of participants identified as non-Hispanic White, and only one same-sex relationship was represented. Our narrative synthesis integrated findings about relationship maintenance from studies examining (a) relationship maintenance overtly, (b) communicating to stay connected across the deployment cycle, (c) disclosure and protective buffering, (d) support from a partner, (e) dyadic coping, and (f) caregiving and accommodating a partner’s symptoms. We interpret our results with an eye toward advancing theory, research, and practice.

7 Post-high school military enlistment and long-term well-being

Post-high school military enlistment and long-term well-being

APA Citation:

Lucier-Greer, M., O’Neal, C. W., Peterson, C., Reed-Fitzke, K., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2023). Post-high school military enlistment and long-term well-being. Emerging Adulthood, 11(1), . https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968221131854

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968221131854

Focus:

Mental health
Physical health
Youth

Branch of Service:

Army
Air Force
Navy
Marine Corps
Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Lucier-Greer, Mallory; O’Neal, Catherine W.; Peterson, Clairee; Reed-Fitzke, Kayla; Wickrama, K. A. S.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were used to evaluate the impact of post-high school military enlistment during emerging adulthood. Comparisons were made between matched samples of emerging adults who enlisted in the military (n = 576) and their civilian counterparts (n = 576) on well-being over a decade later. Well-being was broadly conceptualized to reflect socioeconomic well-being, physical health, mental health, and risky lifestyle behaviors. Matching maximizes confidence that findings reflect differences due to enlistment, rather than pre-existing characteristics that contribute to both enlistment rates and well-being. No consistent differences emerged between the matched samples. Service members reported some indicators of better mental health (perceived stress, anxiety), yet higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis, and civilians reported some indicators of better physical health. Strengths-based perspectives and models that account for the concurrent possibility that military service may positively and negatively impact well-being are needed in future research.

8 Emotion regulation difficulties in military fathers magnify their benefit from a parenting program

Emotion regulation difficulties in military fathers magnify their benefit from a parenting program

APA Citation:

Zhang, J., Zhang, N., Piehler, T. F., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2023). Emotion regulation difficulties in military fathers magnify their benefit from a parenting program. Prevention Science, 24, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01287-8

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01287-8

Focus:

Children
Couples
Deployment
Mental health
Parents
Programming
Trauma

Branch of Service:

Air Force
Army
Navy
Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Guard
Reserve
Active Duty

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Zhang, Jingchen; Zhang, Na; Piehler, Timothy F.; Gewirtz, Abigail H.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Military service members who were exposed to combat-related traumatic events may exhibit emotion regulation problems, which can compromise emotion-related parenting practices (ERPPs). After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) is a preventive intervention developed for military families to improve parenting behaviors, including ERPPs. Parental emotion regulation difficulties may affect parents' responses to this parenting program. Thus, this study aimed to use a baseline target moderated mediation design to examine the intent-to-treat (ITT) effect of the ADAPT program on deployed fathers' emotion-related parenting practices (ERPPs) at the 1-year follow-up as well as the moderation and mediation effect of fathers' emotion regulation difficulties. The sample consisted of 181 deployed fathers and their 4-13-year-old children. At both baseline and 1 year, fathers' ERPPs (i.e., positive engagement, withdrawal avoidance, reactivity-coercion, and distress avoidance) were observed during a series of structured parent-child interaction tasks. Results of path analyses showed no ITT effects on fathers' ERPPs, but emotion regulation difficulties significantly moderated ITT effects on distress avoidance. Fathers with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties at baseline showed decreases in distress avoidance behaviors at 1 year if randomized to the intervention condition. Emotion regulation difficulties also significantly mediated the program's effect on reductions in reactivity coercion for fathers with high levels of emotion regulation difficulties at baseline. These findings highlight parental emotion regulation as a key baseline target of the ADAPT program and provide insight into how and for whom a parenting program improves parenting practices. (© 2021. Society for Prevention Research.)

9 A bidirectional examination of mental health symptoms and perceptions of leader support: Which comes first?

A bidirectional examination of mental health symptoms and perceptions of leader support: Which comes first?

APA Citation:

Bessey, A. F., Black, K. J., & Britt, T. W. (2023). A bidirectional examination of mental health symptoms and perceptions of leader support: Which comes first? Military Psychology, 35(2), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2085957

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2085957

Focus:

Mental health

Branch of Service:

Army

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Bessey, Alexxa F.; Black, Kristen Jennings; Britt, Thomas W.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Leader support for psychological health (LSPH) has been identified as an important factor in the prediction of mental health symptoms among warfighters. Although research has examined the relationship between LSPH and mental health symptoms, the extent to which this relationship is bidirectional has been underexplored. Consequently, the present study examined the longitudinal relationships between perceived LSPH and mental health symptoms (depression and PTSD) among military personnel over a 5-month period. We found that perceived LSPH at Time 1 (T1) was associated with fewer mental health symptoms at Time 2 (T2); however, mental health symptoms at T1 were also associated with lower perceptions of LSPH at T2. The results differed slightly based on the type of symptoms experienced, but the relationships between perceived LSPH and symptoms did not vary based on whether soldiers had been exposed to combat. However, it is important to note that the overall sample had low combat experience. Despite this, these findings may suggest that the assumption that leader support can enhance soldier mental health may fail to consider that the symptoms themselves may also affect how leaders are perceived. Therefore, organizations such as the military should consider both directions to optimally understand the relationship between leaders and subordinate mental health.

10 The relationship between anxiety, coping, and disordered-eating attitudes in adolescent military-dependents at high-risk for excess weight gain

The relationship between anxiety, coping, and disordered-eating attitudes in adolescent military-dependents at high-risk for excess weight gain

APA Citation:

Solomon, S., Shank, L. M., Lavender, J. M., Higgins Neyland, M. K., Gallager-Teske, J., Markos, B., Haynes, H., Repke, H., Rice, A. J., Sbrocco, T., Wilfley, D. E., Schvey, N. A., Jorgensen, S., Ford, B., Ford, C. B., Haigney, M., Klein, D. A., Quinlan, J., & Tanofsky-Kraff, M. (2023). The relationship between anxiety, coping, and disordered-eating attitudes in adolescent military-dependents at high-risk for excess weight gain. Military Psychology, 35(2), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2083448

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2083448

Focus:

Mental health
Physical health
Children
Youth

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches
Air Force
Army
Coast Guard
Navy

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Solomon, Senait; Shank, Lisa M.; Lavender, Jason M.; Higgins Neyland, M. K.; Gallager-Teske, Julia; Markos, Bethelhem; Haynes, Hannah; Repke, Hannah; Rice, Alexander J.; Sbrocco, Tracy; Wilfley, Denise E.; Schvey, Natasha A.; Jorgensen, Sarah; Ford, Brian; Ford, Caitlin B.; Haigney, Mark; Klein, David A.; Quinlan, Jeffrey; Tanofsky‐Kraff, Marian

Year: 2023

Abstract

Adolescent military-dependents are an understudied population who face unique stressors due to their parents’ careers. Research suggests tat adolescent military-dependents report more anxiety and disordered-eating than their civilian counterparts. While anxiety symptoms predict the onset and worsening of disordered-eating attitudes, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. One factor that may underlie this relationship, and be particularly relevant for military-dependent youth, is coping. Therefore, we examined adolescent military-dependents (N = 136; 14.5 ± 1.5 years; 59.6% female; BMI-z: 1.9 ± 0.4) who were at-risk for adult obesity and binge-eating disorder due to an age- and sex-adjusted BMI ≥ 85th percentile and loss-of-control eating and/or elevated anxiety. Participants completed an interview assessing disordered-eating attitudes and questionnaires on anxiety symptoms and coping strategies at a single time point. Bootstrapping models were conducted to examine the indirect paths between anxiety symptoms and disordered-eating attitudes through five coping subscales (aggression, distraction, endurance, self-distraction, and stress-recognition). Adjusting for relevant covariates, no significant indirect paths through the coping subscales (ps > .05) were found in any models. General coping, nonspecific to eating, may not be a pathway between anxiety symptoms and disordered-eating attitudes among adolescents. Future research should examine other potential mediators of this relationship.

11 Recent stressful experiences and suicide risk: Implications for suicide prevention and intervention in U.S. Army soldiers

Recent stressful experiences and suicide risk: Implications for suicide prevention and intervention in U.S. Army soldiers

APA Citation:

Dempsey, C. L., Benedek, D. M., Zuromski, K. L., Nock, M. K., Brent, D. A., Ao, J., Georg, M. W., Haller, K., Aliaga, P. A., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., & Ursano, R. J. (2023). Recent stressful experiences and suicide risk: Implications for suicide prevention and intervention in U.S. Army soldiers. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 5(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20220027

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20220027

Focus:

Mental health
Trauma
Other

Branch of Service:

Army

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Dempsey, Catherine L.; Benedek, David M.; Zuromski, Kelly L.; Nock, Matthew K.; Brent, David A.; Ao, Jingning; Georg, Matthew W.; Haller, Katy; Aliaga, Pablo A.; Heeringa, Steven G.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Stein, Murray B.; Ursano, Robert J.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Objectives To identify the extent to which the presence of recent stressful events are risk factors for suicide among active‐duty soldiers as reported by informants. Methods Next‐of‐kin (NOK) and supervisors (SUP) of active duty soldiers (n = 135) who died by suicide and two groups of living controls: propensity‐matched (n = 128) and soldiers who reported suicidal ideation in the past year, but did not die (SI) (n = 108) provided data via structured interviews from the Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to create a risk score for suicide. Results The odds of suicide increased significantly for soldiers experiencing relationship problems, military punishment, and perceived failure or humiliation in the month prior to death. Suicide risk models with these risk factors predicted suicide death among those who reported SI in the past year (OR = 5.9, [95% CI = 1.5, 24.0] χ2 = 6.24, p = 0.0125, AUC, 0.73 (0.7, 0.8) NOK) and (OR = 8.6, [95% CI = 1.4, 51.5] χ2 = 5.49, p = 0.0191, AUC, 0.78 (0.7, 0.8); SUP) suggesting the combination of these recent stressors may contribute to the transition from ideation to action. Conclusions Our findings suggest for the first time recent stressors distinguished suicide ideating controls from suicide decedents in the month prior to death as reported by informants. Implications for preventive intervention efforts for clinicians, supervisors and family members in identifying the transition from ideation to action are discussed.

12 Demographic characteristics, mental health conditions, and psychotherapy use of veterans in couples and family therapy

Demographic characteristics, mental health conditions, and psychotherapy use of veterans in couples and family therapy

APA Citation:

McKee, G. B., McDonald, S. D., Karmarkar, A., & Ghatas, M. P. (2023). Demographic characteristics, mental health conditions, and psychotherapy use of veterans in couples and family therapy. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 12(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000185

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000185

Focus:

Mental health
Couples
Trauma

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Veteran

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)

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Research & Summary

Authors: McKee, Grace B.; McDonald, Scott D.; Karmarkar, Amol; Ghatas, Mina P.

Year: 2023

Abstract

The purpose of this descriptive study was to characterize demographic information, military service-connected mental health conditions, and information about the provision of couple and family therapy within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System. This study used a population-based cohort design to obtain electronic health record data from 97,302 veterans who attended couple or family therapy in 1,075 VA facilities from 2014 to 2019. More than 59% had a mental health disorder connected with military service, the most common of which was posttraumatic stress disorder (39.92%). Over one-third had evidence of military combat exposure, and 9% reported military sexual trauma. Approximately 90% attended 10 or fewer sessions, and among the 78,028 veterans who initiated therapy after progress note tracking of evidence-based psychotherapy was mandated in 2015, 12% had evidence of receiving an evidence-based psychotherapy for family difficulties, suggesting that many veterans may not receive a full course of conjoint therapy. Exploratory analyses revealed that attending five or more sessions of couple or family therapy was associated with identifying as female, younger age, identifying as non-Hispanic White, combat exposure, military sexual trauma, service connection for any mental health condition, and service connection for posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and chronic adjustment disorder. Further empirical work on understanding veterans’ psychiatric and family concerns is necessary to ensure that the VA Healthcare System is able to meet the needs of veterans with complex symptom profiles and to determine whether current therapeutic approaches may be effectively tailored to meet those needs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

13 Psychologist veteran status as a predictor of veterans’ willingness to engage in psychotherapy

Psychologist veteran status as a predictor of veterans’ willingness to engage in psychotherapy

APA Citation:

Yeterian, J. D., & Dutra, S. J. (2023). Psychologist veteran status as a predictor of veterans' willingness to engage in psychotherapy. Military Psychology, 35(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2066937

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2066937

Focus:

Veterans
Mental health

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Veteran

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Yeterian, Julie D.; Dutra, Sunny J.

Year: 2023

Abstract

Many veterans experience difficulties with mental health and functioning, yet many do not seek treatment and dropout rates are high. A small body of literature suggests that veterans prefer to work with providers or peer support specialists who are also veterans. Research with trauma-exposed veterans suggests that some veterans prefer to work with female providers. In an experimental study with 414 veterans, we examined whether veterans’ ratings of a psychologist (e.g., helpfulness, ability to understand the participant, likelihood of making an appointment) described in a vignette were impacted by the psychologist’s veteran status and gender. Results indicated that veterans who read about a veteran psychologist rated the psychologist as more able to help and understand them, reported being more willing to see and more comfortable seeing the psychologist, and reported greater belief that they should see the psychologist, relative to those who read about a non-veteran psychologist. Contrary to hypotheses, there was no main effect of psychologist gender nor any interaction between psychologist gender and psychologist veteran status on ratings. Findings suggest that having access to mental health providers who are also veterans may reduce barriers to treatment-seeking among veteran patients.

14 Pre- and perinatal risk factors for child maltreatment in military families across the first two years of life

Pre- and perinatal risk factors for child maltreatment in military families across the first two years of life

APA Citation:

Sullivan, K. S., Richardson, S., Ross, A., Cederbaum, J. A., Pflieger, J., Abramovitz, L., Bukowinski, A., & Stander, V. (2023). Pre- and perinatal risk factors for child maltreatment in military families across the first two years of life. Child Maltreatment, 28(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595221088198

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595221088198

Focus:

Parents
Children
Child maltreatment
Mental health
Physical health
Substance use
Trauma

Branch of Service:

Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Air Force
Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Guard
Reserve

Population:

Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Sullivan, Kathrine S.; Richardson, Sabrina; Ross, Abigail; Cederbaum, Julie A.; Pflieger, Jacqueline; Abramovitz, Lisa; Bukowinski, Anna; Stander, Valerie

Year: 2023

Abstract

Military families are exposed to a unique constellation of risk factors, which may impact maltreatment outcomes. The present study examined prospective relationships between demographic, health, birth-related, and military-specific risk factors identified prior to a child’s birth on their risk for maltreatment in the first two years of life. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study, Department of Defense (DoD) operational records and Family Advocacy Program data on met-criteria maltreatment, and Birth and Infant Health Research program data on suspected maltreatment were linked for 9076 service member parents. Discrete time survival analysis showed that preterm birth increased risk of maltreatment while parents’ older age, physical health, and service in the Navy or Air Force decreased risk. Building on DoD’s New Parent Support Program, findings suggest the need for universal and targeted prevention efforts, beginning during pregnancy, which limit or eliminate risk factors for maltreatment in military families.

15 The ADAPT parenting intervention benefits combat exposed fathers genetically susceptible to problem drinking

The ADAPT parenting intervention benefits combat exposed fathers genetically susceptible to problem drinking

APA Citation:

DeGarmo, D. S., Gewirtz, A. H., Li, L., Tavalire, H. F., & Cicchetti, D. (2023). The ADAPT parenting intervention benefits combat exposed fathers genetically susceptible to problem drinking. Prevention Science, 24, 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-022-01424-x

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-022-01424-x

Focus:

Substance use
Parents
Programming
Deployment

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: DeGarmo, David S.; Gewirtz, Abigail H.; Li, Lijun; Tavalire, Hannah F.; Cicchetti, Dante

Year: 2023

Abstract

Testing a vantage sensitivity model from differential susceptibility theory (DST), we examined a G × E × I hypothesis; that is, whether a military parenting intervention program (I) might buffer a G × E susceptibility for military deployed fathers exposed to deployment combat stress and trauma. We hypothesized that combat stress (E, referring to the natural environmental factor) would lead to increases in problem drinking, and that the effect of problem drinking would be amplified by genetic predisposition (G) for drinking reward systems, substance use, and addictive behaviors (i.e., differential vulnerability). Providing a preventive intervention designed to improve post-deployment family environments (I, vantage sensitivity) is hypothesized to buffer the negative impacts of combat exposure and genetic susceptibility. The sample included 185 post-deployed military fathers who consented to genotyping, from a larger sample of 294 fathers enrolled in a randomized effectiveness trial of the After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) intervention. Trauma-exposed military fathers at genetic susceptibility for problem drinking assigned to the ADAPT intervention reported significantly more reductions in risky drinking compared with fathers at genetic susceptibility assigned to the control group, with a small effect size for the G × E × I interaction (d = .2).

16 The impact of military sexual trauma and warfare exposure on women veterans’ perinatal outcomes

The impact of military sexual trauma and warfare exposure on women veterans’ perinatal outcomes

APA Citation:

Nillni, Y. I., Fox, A. B., Cox, K., Paul, E., Vogt, D., & Galovski, T. E. (2022). The impact of military sexual trauma and warfare exposure on women veterans’ perinatal outcomes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(5), 730–737. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001095

DOI:

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0001095

Focus:

Children
Parents
Trauma
Physical health
Veterans

Branch of Service:

Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Veteran

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Nillni, Yael I.; Fox, Annie B.; Cox, Koriann; Paul, Emilie; Vogt, Dawne; Galovski, Tara E.

Year: 2022

Abstract

Objective: In the general population, history of trauma is associated with a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, which have long-term negative consequences for both mother and child. Research examining the impact of trauma, particularly trauma occurring during military service, on perinatal outcomes among women veterans is still in its nascence. The current study examined if warfare exposure and military sexual trauma (MST) contributed unique variance to the prediction of a broad range of adverse perinatal outcomes (i.e., preterm birth, full-term birth, infant birth weight, postpartum depression and/or anxiety). Method: Women veterans living across the U.S. (oversampled for veterans living in high crime communities) completed a mail-based survey, and reported information about all pregnancies that occurred since enlistment in the military. They also reported on warfare exposure and MST using the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory. Results: A total of 911 women reported on 1,752 unique pregnancies. Results revealed that MST, but not warfare exposure, was associated with having a lower infant birth weight (B = −17.30, SE = 5.41), a slight decrease in the likelihood of having a full-term birth (OR = .97, 95% CI [.93, 1.00]), and an increased likelihood of experiencing postpartum depression and/or anxiety (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.10, 1.14]) above and beyond age at pregnancy, racial/ethnic minority status, childhood violence exposure, and warfare exposure. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of screening for MST during pregnancy and trauma-informed obstetric care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

17 Trajectories of relational turbulence and affectionate communication across the post-deployment transition

Trajectories of relational turbulence and affectionate communication across the post-deployment transition

APA Citation:

Knobloch, L. K., Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., Yorgason, J. B., Wehrman, E. C., & Monk, J. K. (2022). Trajectories of relational turbulence and affectionate communication across the post-deployment transition. Communication Monographs, 89(2), 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2021.1963792

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2021.1963792

Focus:

Couples

Branch of Service:

Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Air Force
Coast Guard
Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty
Guard

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Knobloch, Leanne K.; Knobloch-Fedders, Lynne M.; Yorgason, Jeremy B.; Wehrman, Erin C.; Kale Monk, J.

Year: 2022

Abstract

Affectionate communication may play a key role in how military couples navigate the transition from deployment to reintegration. Informed by relational turbulence theory, this study considered how the trajectory of relational turbulence experienced by military couples over time predicted their verbal and nonverbal expressions of affection. Online self-report data were gathered from 268 U.S. military couples across eight months beginning at homecoming. Relational turbulence increased over time and affectionate communication decreased over time. Also as predicted, the trajectory of increasing relational turbulence corresponded with greater declines in verbal and nonverbal expressions of affection. These results advance relational turbulence theory, illuminate the trajectory of affectionate communication over time, and inform ways to assist military couples upon reunion after deployment.

18 Brief report: Identifying concerns of military caregivers with children diagnosed with asd following a military directed relocation

Brief report: Identifying concerns of military caregivers with children diagnosed with asd following a military directed relocation

APA Citation:

Farley, B. E., Griffith, A., Mahoney, A., Zhang, D., & Kruse, L. (2022). Brief report: Identifying concerns of military caregivers with children diagnosed with ASD following a military directed relocation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(1), 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04936-7

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04936-7

Focus:

Children
Other
Parents

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches
Air Force
Army
Coast Guard
Navy

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Farley, Britt E.; Griffith, Annette; Mahoney, Amanda; Zhang, Dorthy; Kruse, Laura

Year: 2022

Abstract

Military families relocate three times more often than non-military families. Those whom have children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder face challenges related to inconsistencies in services, delay of services, and lack of continuity of care. The current study expands the limited research examining the experiences of military families with children with Autism by focusing on impact of relocation, specifically identifying potential causes of delays in services. An online survey of 25 military caregivers of children with autism suggests potential delays in service related to provider waitlists, obtaining new referrals, and lengthy intake processes. The impact of these inconsistencies is discussed in relation to child progress and the need for future research in this area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

19 Getting food to the table: Challenges, strategies, and compromises experienced by low-income veterans raising children

Getting food to the table: Challenges, strategies, and compromises experienced by low-income veterans raising children

APA Citation:

Kamdar, N., True, G., Lorenz, L., Loeb, A., & Hernandez, D. C. (2022). Getting food to the table: Challenges, strategies, and compromises experienced by low-income veterans raising children. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition. 17(1), 32-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2020.1855284

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2020.1855284

Focus:

Programming
Veterans
Other

Branch of Service:

Multiple branches

Military Affiliation:

Veteran

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: Kamdar, Nipa; True, Gala; Lorenz, Laura; Loeb, Aaron; Hernandez, Daphne C.

Year: 2022

Abstract

Using photo-elicitation, 17 low-income, post-9/11 Veterans with children residing in/near Houston, TX shared experiences getting food to their table. Limited money, time, and disabilities challenged access to healthy meals. Limited resources decreased choice and control over what Veterans fed their children. Affordable, accessible food fell below nutritional standards. Veterans rationed their own intake to preserve food for their children. Informed by Veterans’ experiences, we developed a model of three factors – resources, personal capacity, and culture – that influence quality, quantity, and type of food low-income Veterans access. Policies to help Veterans increase access to nutritious food need to consider these factors.

20 Latent profiles of postdeployment reintegration among service members and their partners

Latent profiles of postdeployment reintegration among service members and their partners

APA Citation:

O’Neal, C. W., & Lavner, J. A. (2022). Latent profiles of postdeployment reintegration among service members and their partners. Journal of Family Psychology. 36(1), 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000894

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000894

Focus:

Couples
Deployment
Mental health
Physical health

Branch of Service:

Army

Military Affiliation:

Active Duty

Population:

Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)

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Research & Summary

Authors: O'Neal, Catherine Walker; Lavner, Justin A.

Year: 2022

Abstract

Consistent with the emotional cycle of deployment, postdeployment reintegration is often a time of highs and lows as service members (SMs) and their families adjust to their new normal. However, few studies have considered the nuances of reintegration, specifically the various patterns of personal and family reintegration experiences that may exist. The present study uses latent profile analysis to identify unique reintegration patterns along four dimensions (i.e., positive personal, negative personal, positive family, and negative family reintegration) for SMs (N = 236) and a subsample of their civilian partners (N = 141). Differences among the resulting reintegration profiles were also examined for demographics, military-related characteristics, psychosocial characteristics, and individual and family functioning. Three profile groups with varying reintegration experiences emerged for SMs, and two groups emerged for civilian partners. For both SMs and their civilian partners, one profile (39.0% of SMs and 63.8% of civilian partners) was characterized by high positive family and personal reintegration and low negative family and personal reintegration. Other groups reported moderate to high positive and negative family and personal reintegration. SMs and civilian partners with the most favorable reintegration profile reported greater family cohesion. For SMs, differences in sleep were also reported across the reintegration profiles, whereas, for civilian partners, differences in depressive symptoms emerged across the reintegration profiles. Few group differences emerged for demographics, military-related characteristics, and psychosocial characteristics. Findings highlight important variability in military families' experiences within the reintegration stage of the deployment cycle. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).