Tidwell, Allison

Balancing parental and work responsibilities is difficult enough – but did you know that around 37% of the United States Armed Forces’ 1.3 million active-duty Service members have children? Thankfully, there’s a wealth of research on these families’ experiences. Today, we’ll consider research regarding fathers’ experiences in the military, paying particular attention to how fathers navigate parenting during challenges like deployment and reintegration. We’ll discuss some of the difficulties military fathers face during deployment and reintegration, along with how they affect military fathers and their children. We’ll also provide parenting resources intended to help balance work and family life. Common challenges among military fathers and how they impact the family Service member fathers face many parenting difficulties during their military careers, but two of the biggest challenges are deployment and reintegration. Deployment is a stressful time for military families. The extended separation they face can take an especially heavy toll on fathers. Research shows that when fathers perceive a threat to their safety during deployment, their parenting becomes less sensitive. This, in turn, may cause their children to exhibit social and emotional difficulties (e.g., poor peer interactions, unhealthy emotional expression) as well as behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity, defiance). Similarly, deployed fathers who have difficulty managing their emotions may engage in more coercive parenting (e.g., irritability, bossiness, persistent negativity). Coercive parenting, in turn, is linked to poorer overall well-being for children, with outcomes including internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing behaviors (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity). Reintegration, the period of a Service member’s adjustment to “normal” life after deployment, also poses challenges for returning fathers. Reintegration, like deployment, is often associated with increased stress for the entire family. Returning fathers report less patience, more irritability, and more communication problems with their family during reintegration. Research further finds that military fathers’ mental health concerns (e.g., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder) can also contribute to their children’s’ behavioral problems years after reintegration. Additionally, stress during reintegration sometimes leads to less emotionally sensitive parenting (e.g., less supportive, not supervising children as needed) by military fathers, which can have consequences for child adjustment (e.g., behavioral problems) during reintegration as well. How fathers can mitigate the risks of military-related parenting challenges Being a father and Service member does not automatically result in negative consequences for your children: frequent father involvement contributes to better parent and child well-being. Specifically, when fathers spend more time with their children both at home (e.g., recreation, shared activities) and during deployment (e.g., setting time each week for video calls) their well-being is greater. Spending time with their child also gives fathers untold opportunity to model positive parenting practices, such as supporting the child’s decision-making and encouraging positive behavior. Military-related stressors such as long periods of separation put military fathers’ own well-being at risk. Given this reality, it’s important that fathers care for themselves. Practicing mindfulness and self-care are useful ways for fathers to attend to their own emotional needs; the practices also serve as useful models for children. Furthermore, fathers should consider professional help to address their mental health concerns: such help in turn makes them better equipped to care for their children. Beyond mental health, fathers may choose to address the quality of their parental relationships. Evidence suggests that a father’s relationship with his child’s mother affects the child’s mental health (e.g., depression). Military fathers might therefore invest in their romantic relationships with couples counseling or relationship education in order to reduce potential negative consequences for their children. Lastly, fathers can also mitigate the risk of parenting challenges by attending parenting programs. The Department of Defense has invested in evidence-based parenting programs and resources to promote military family readiness and resilience. These programs address a variety of family-related topics, including parent-child communication, bonding with children, and finding a new “normal” upon returning from deployment. To learn more about these programs, check out the resources listed at Military OneSource. Despite facing many challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities, military fathers continue to be resilient and positively impact their children. By using an abundance of resources for military families and improving their parenting skills as a result, fathers can ease the burden of Service-related challenges borne by both the family and themselves.

Family Story

https://militaryreach.auburn.edu/ffFathersInMilitary.jsp

https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-FareroEtAl-19

Farero, A. M., Kammes, R., Blow, A., Johnson, T., Kees, M., Ufer, L. G., & Guty, D. (2020). The impact of military fathers’ mental health on the well-being of their children postdeployment: Findings from National Guard fathers. Military Behavioral Health, 8(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2019.1644262

This study examined the associations between National Guard fathers’ mental health (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] and depressive symptomology) and their children’s behavioral difficulties (e.g., conduct problems, issues with peers, hyperactivity, and excessive clinginess). Data were collected from 208 National Guard Soldiers both during the reintegration phase (3-6 months after deployment; n = 191) and approximately two years postdeployment (n = 139; some Soldiers participated at both time points). Soldiers reported on their mental health, and both Soldiers and their female partners reported on child behavior. The results suggest that, during reintegration, fathers’ depressive symptoms were associated with more child behavior problems, but, at postdeployment, fathers’ PTSD symptoms were associated with more child behavior problems.

https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2019.1644262

Children
Mental health
Parents
Trauma

Army

Guard

Guard/Reserve member
Military families
Spouse of service member or veteran

Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Aged (65 yrs & older)

Cross-Sectional Study
Quantitative Study
Secondary Analysis

Farero, Adam M., Kammes, Rebecca, Blow, Adrian, Johnson, Travis, Kees, Michelle, Ufer, Lisa Gorman, Guty, Danielle

Deployment and reintegration can be a source of significant stress for military service members and their families. In particular, military fathers’ mental health can have a significant impact on their children’s well-being. To examine this phenomenon during the postdeployment period, this study sampled 208 National Guard fathers and their partners. We specifically examined the link between fathers’ mental health symptoms (depression and PTSD) and children’s behavioral difficulties (as reported by the service member and their partner) at reintegration and 2 years postdeployment. Results indicate that higher levels of soldier depression at reintegration were associated with worse child behavioral outcomes. In addition, higher levels of soldier PTSD were linked with more child behavioral difficulties at 2 years postdeployment. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Taylor & Francis

Article
REACH Publication

Michigan State University, AMF
Michigan State University, RK
Michigan State Univarsity, AB
Michigan State University, TJ
University of Michigan, MK
Michigan Public Health Institute, LGU
Michigan Public Health Institute, DG