The Office of Military Family Readiness Policy requested a comprehensive review of the literature regarding concussions in youth sports as a means to inform policy and encourage best practices concerning the safety of young athletes. First, this report begins by defining concussions in youth sports, which are referred to as sports-related concussions (SRCs) within the academic literature, and then information is presented about the prevalence, symptomology, impact, and risk factors of SRCs. SRCs occur when an athlete experiences a sudden, forceful movement that causes the brain to twist or move rapidly into the skull; the collision of the brain into the skull can stretch, tear, or damage the brain’s nerve cells and disturb the chemical balance within the brain. This disturbance has the potential to impair the brain’s ability to accomplish essential tasks. Current estimates suggest that 1.1 to 1.9 million SRCs occur annually among youth. Next, a discussion is presented on how legislation and policies have positively influenced the health of young athletes and resulted in a significant decline in SRC rates. As of 2014, all 50 states and the District of Columbia enacted laws addressing concussions in youth sports, the majority of which are modeled after the Lystedt Law to include three core components: - Annual education for coaches, parents, and athletes regarding SRC symptomology - Removal from play guidelines following an SRC or suspected SRC - Return-to-play protocols that often include clearance from a licensed healthcare professional In this section, multiple research-based training opportunities and tools are provided to educate coaches, parents, athletes, and healthcare professionals on preventing, recognizing, and managing concussions. These resources are widely available and are derived from highly reputable sources, such as the Centers for Disease Control, the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine’s Sports Trauma and Overuse Prevention, the National Alliance for Youth Sports, USA Football, the Institute of Medicine-National Research Council’s Committee on Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, and the International Conference on Concussion in Sport. Finally, this report concludes with a series of actionable strategies rooted in policy and currently available tools.
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Helping school personnel prevent and de-escalate peer aggression: An overview of existing research and insights into programming
APA Citation:
Frye-Cox, N., Sherman, H., Tidwell, A., O’Neal, C. W., & Lucier-Greer, M. (2021). Helping school personnel prevent and de-escalate peer aggression: An overview of existing research and insights into programming. Auburn, AL: Military REACH
Focus:
Children
Youth
Parents
Programming
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
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Frye-Cox, Nick; Sherman, Haley; Tidwell, Allison; O'neal, Catherine; Lucier-Greer, Mallory
2021
2 Safeguarding children and youth from sexual predators
Safeguarding children and youth from sexual predators
APA Citation:
Kuhl, M. W., Casper, D. M., Jordan, A. C., Zemanek, L. J., Pinna, K. L. M., Hawkey, K. R.,...Borden, L. M. (2014). Safeguarding children and youth from sexual predators. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Child maltreatment
Trauma
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
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Borden, Lynne M.; Brown, Samantha; Cheatom, Octavia; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Hawkins, Stacy; Hess, Sheryl A.; Hoang, To Nga; Jordan, Ashley C.; Kearney, Jonathan; Wittcoff Kuhl, Michelle; Otto, Mark; Pinna, Keri L. M.; Shortreed, Timothy; Steinman, David; Tessier, Cassandra; Zemanek, Lindsey J.; Casper, Deborah M.; Koch, Bryna; Langbert, Leslie
2014
3 Anticipating the landscape in the years ahead: Military members transition to a post-war mission
Anticipating the landscape in the years ahead: Military members transition to a post-war mission
APA Citation:
Sherman, M. D., Larsen, J., Kuhl, M. W., Hawkey, K. R., & Borden, L. M. (2014). Anticipating the landscape in the years ahead: Military members transition to a post-war mission. Research report prepared for the Department of Defense.
Focus:
Deployment
Mental health
Physical health
Trauma
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Veteran
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Sherman, Michelle D.; Borden, Lynne M.; Goldberg, Renada; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Hess, Sheryl A.; Wittcoff Kuhl, Michelle; Larsen, Jessica; Otto, Mark; Paradis, Emily; Snyder, Seth C.; Steinman, David; Westerhof, Lara
2014
4 Sports and recreation for children and youth with developmental disabilities
Sports and recreation for children and youth with developmental disabilities
APA Citation:
Kuhl, M. W., Sherman, M. D., Majerley, A., Westerhof, L., Cheatom, O., Hawkey, K. R., & Borden, L. M. (2014). Sports and recreation for children and youth with developmental disabilities. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Youth
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Veteran
Population:
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
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Borden, Lynne M.; Cheatom, Octavia; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Kuhl, Michelle Wittcoff; Majerle, Amy; Sherman, Michelle D.; Westerhof, Lara
2014
5 Financial readiness for youth: A review of the literature and programs in the United States
Financial readiness for youth: A review of the literature and programs in the United States
APA Citation:
Totenhagen, C., Casper, D. M., Bosch, L., Arias, W., Faber, K. M., Hawkey, K. R., Jones, A., Borden, L. M. (2013). Financial readiness for youth: A review of the literature and programs in the United States. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Other
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
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Borden, Lynne M.; Arias, Wilfrido Jr.; Bosch, Leslie; Casper, Deborah; Faber, Kelsey M.; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Jones, Ashley; Totenhagen, Casey; Bracamonte Wiggs, Christine
2013
6 Respite care for families with special needs
Respite care for families with special needs
APA Citation:
Sherman, M. D., Cheatom, O., Westerhof, L., Kuhl, M. W., Hawkey, K. R., & Borden, L. M. (2014). Respite care for families with special needs. Brief report submitted to the Department of Defense.
Focus:
Physical health
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Marine Corps
Coast Guard
Navy
Air Force
Army
Military Affiliation:
Guard
Reserve
Active Duty
Veteran
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
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Research Report
Borden, Lynne M.; Octavia, Cheatom; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Wittcoff Kuhl, Michelle; Sherman, Michelle D.; Westerhof, Lara
2014
7 Understanding asynchronous counseling: A review of effectiveness and implementation considerations
Understanding asynchronous counseling: A review of effectiveness and implementation considerations
APA Citation:
Frye-Cox, N., O’Neal, C. W., Wendling, S., Nichols, L. R., & Lucier-Greer, M. (2020). Understanding asynchronous counseling: A review of effectiveness and implementation considerations. Auburn, AL: Military REACH
Focus:
Programming
Mental health
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Aged (65 yrs & older)
Very old (85 yrs & older)
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Research Report
Frye-Cox, Nick; O’Neal, Catherine Walker; Wendling, Sara Beth; Nichols, Lucy R.; Lucier-Greer, Mallory
2020
8 Peer aggression among children and youth: Defining constructs and identifying programming
Peer aggression among children and youth: Defining constructs and identifying programming
APA Citation:
Frye-Cox, N., Farnsworth, M., O’Neal, C. W., Lucier-Greer, M. (2020). Peer aggression among children and youth: Defining constructs and identifying programming. Auburn, AL: Military REACH
Focus:
Children
Youth
Programming
Mental health
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Frye-Cox, Nick; Farnsworth, Meredith; O'Neal, Catherine; Lucier-Greer, Mallory
2020
9 Volunteer training and certification
Volunteer training and certification
APA Citation:
Rudi, J. H., Sherman, M. D., Mikal, J., Brown, S., Braughton, J., Wilcox, S.,...Borden, L. M. (2015). Volunteer training and certification. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Programming
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Veteran
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Neonatal (birth - 1 mo)
Infancy (2 - 23 mo)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research Report
Bartyzal, Avery; Braughton, Jackie; Bloomfield, Cindy; Borden, Lynne; Chen, Hellen; Brown, Samantha; Mikal, Jude; Rudi, Jessie H.; Sandberg, Joelle; Sherman, Michelle D.; Wilcox, Shelby
2015
Public awareness campaigns
APA Citation:
Rudi, J., Sherman, M., Kuhl, M. W., Rea, J., Bommarito, R., Bloomfield, C.,...Borden, L. M. (2015). Public awareness campaigns. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Programming
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Army
Air Force
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Guard
Reserve
Active Duty
Veteran
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Neonatal (birth - 1 mo)
Infancy (2 - 23 mo)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Bloomfield, Cindy; Bommarito, Rachael K.; Borden, Lynne M.; Brown, Samantha; Butler, Benjamin; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Kuhl, Michelle W.; Rea, Jennifer; Rudi, Jessie H.; Sherman, Michelle D.; Shortreed, Timothy
2015
11 Prevention of child neglect
Prevention of child neglect
APA Citation:
Sherman, M. D., Mikal, J., Bommarito, R., Rudi, J. H., Hess, S., Otto, M.,...Borden, L. M. (2015). Prevention of child neglect. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Child maltreatment
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Guard
Reserve
Active Duty
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Neonatal (birth - 1 mo)
Infancy (2 - 23 mo)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Bartyzal, Avery; Bommarito, Rachael; Borden, Lynne M.; Braughton, Jacqueline; Brown, Samantha; Chen, Shanting; Hawkey, Kyle; Mikal, Jude; Otto, August; Rea, Jennifer; Rudi, Jessie H.; Sherman, Michelle D.; Shortreed, Timothy; Wilcox, Shelby
2015
12 Supports for military spouses as active duty service members transition out of the military
Supports for military spouses as active duty service members transition out of the military
APA Citation:
Sherman, M. D., Hawkey, K. R., Smith, B., Rudi, J. H., Kuhl, M. W., Bommarito, R.,...Borden, L. M. (2015). Supports for military spouses as active duty service members transition out of the military. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Other
Programming
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Bommarito, Rachael; Borden, Lynne M.; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Kuhl, Michelle W.; Rudi, Jessie H.; Roesslein, Heather; Sherman, Michelle D.; Steinman, David; Westerhof, Lara
2015
13 Social media communication with military spouses
Social media communication with military spouses
APA Citation:
Sherman, M. D., Kuhl, M. W., Westerhof, L., Majerle, A., Cheatom, O., Smith, B., Hawkey, K. R.,...Borden, L. M. (2015). Social media communication with military spouses. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Couples
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Sherman, Michelle D.; Borden, Lynne M.; Cheatum, Octavia; Hawkey, Kyle R.; Kuhl, Michelle W.; Majerle, Amy; Rudi, Jessie H.; Smith, Burgess; Steinman, David; Westerhof, Lara
2015
14 Differences in employment-related outcomes across paid and unpaid internships
Differences in employment-related outcomes across paid and unpaid internships
APA Citation:
Frye-Cox, N., Tidwell, A., Wendling, S. B, Bell, Allison, & O'Neal, Catherine W. (2020). Differences in employment-related outcomes across paid and unpaid internships. Auburn, AL: Military REACH
Focus:
Other
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Frye-Cox, Nick; Tidwell, Allison; Wendling, Sara Beth; Bell, Allison; O’Neal, Catherine Walker
2020
Recreation trends, service utilization, and future directions for military morale, welfare and recreation programs
APA Citation:
Hodge, C. J., Melton, K., Duerden, M. D., O'Neal, C. W., Nichols, L. R.,Lucier-Greer, M. (2019). Recreation trends, service utilization, and future directions for military Morale, Welfare and Recreation Programs. Auburn, AL: Military REACH
Focus:
Children
Youth
Parents
Programming
Veterans
Branch of Service:
Army
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Veteran
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Neonatal (birth - 1 mo)
Infancy (2 - 23 mo)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Aged (65 yrs & older)
Very old (85 yrs & older)
Share the article
Research Report
Hodge, Camilla J.; Melton, Karen; Duerden, Mat D.; O'Neal, Catherine Walker; Nichols, Lucy; Lucier-Greer, Mallory
2019
16 Understanding inclusion in child care and youth programs
Understanding inclusion in child care and youth programs
APA Citation:
Gregg, K., Golembiewski, K., O’Neal, C. W., Farnsworth, M., & Lucier-Greer, M. (2018). Understanding Inclusion in Child Care and Youth Programs. Auburn, AL: Military REACH.
Focus:
Children
Programming
Mental health
Physical health
Youth
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Gregg, Katy; Golembiewski, Kevin; O'Neal, Catherine Walker; Farnsworth, Meredith; Lucier-Greer, Mallory
2018
17 Community-based assistance for victims of domestic violence
Community-based assistance for victims of domestic violence
APA Citation:
O’Neal, C. W., Nichols, L. R., Quichocho, D., Herren, C., & Lucier-Greer, M. (2018). Community-based assistance for victims of domestic violence. Auburn, AL: Military REACH.
Focus:
Couples
Programming
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Army
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
O'Neal, Catherine Walker; Nichols, Lucy; Quichocho, Davina; Herren, Claire; Lucier-Greer, Mallory
2018
Military Culture
APA Citation:
Gunty, A., Richmond, A., Williams, R., Otto, M., & Borden, L. M. (2016). Military culture. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Defense.
Focus:
Programming
Branch of Service:
Army
Multiple branches
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Veteran
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Neonatal (birth - 1 mo)
Infancy (2 - 23 mo)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Aged (65 yrs & older)
Very old (85 yrs & older)
Share the article
Research Report
Borden, Lynne M.; Gunty, Amy; Otto, Mark; Richmond, Adeya; Williams, Rhiannon
2016
Retaining high-quality employees: Contextual considerations and strategies for facilitating retention within child care settings
APA Citation:
Quichocho, D., Lucier-Greer, M., Nichols, L. R., O’Neal, C. W. (2019). Retaining high-quality employees: Contextual considerations and strategies for facilitating retention within child care settings. Auburn, AL: Military REACH
Focus:
Other
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Share the article
Research Report
Quichocho, Davina; Lucier-Greer, Mallory; Nichols, Lucy; O’Neal, Catherine Walker
2019
Youth sports and child health: A guide to understanding sports-related concussions and ways to promote safer play
APA Citation:
Lucier-Greer, M., O’Neal, C.W., Quichocho, D., & Burke, B. (2018). Youth sports and child health: A guide to understanding sports-related concussions and ways to promote safer play. Auburn, AL: Military REACH.
Focus:
Youth
Physical health
Population:
Childhood (birth - 12 yrs)
Preschool age (2 -5 yrs)
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
Share the article
Research Report
Lucier-Greer, Mallory; O'Neal, Catherine Walker; Quichocho, Davina; Burke, Benjamin
2018
