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1.Trends in the annual incidence rates of child sexual abuse and child maltreatment over the past 25 years in the United States

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2.Safety planning for intimate partner violence: Practical and contextual considerations for service providers
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3.Promoting adolescent well-being: Drawing from basic and applied developmental frameworks and research
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4.Community capacity building: Mobilizing community supports to facilitate the integration of military families
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5.Assessing intimate partner violence: A review of 13 reliable and valid tools
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6.Policy brief - Navigating special education as a military family: Due process and burden of proof
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7.Policy impact brief: Navigating special education as a military family: A focus on school-aged children
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Research summaries convey terminology used by the scientists who authored the original research article; some terminology may not align with the federal government's mandated language for certain constructs.
More than a Flag: A Symbol of Hope, Bravery, Unity, and Mission
More than a Flag: A Symbol of Hope, Bravery, Unity, and Mission By: Haley Sherman and Kaylee Short-Smith Some of us may be familiar with the iconic photograph you see below, which depicts six United States Marines who raised the American Flag on top of Mount Suribachi, Japan, during the Battle of Iwo Jima on February 23, 1945 (Garner, 2021). (Image credit: Joe Rosenthal/Public Domain) If you, like me, Haley, were unaware of the exact history associated with the image above, you may be wondering why it is so iconic while simultaneously thinking how proud you are to be an American and how grateful you are for those six Marines, their service, and their sacrifice. Until recently, I had never thought much about why they were raising the American flag. I assumed it had something to do with an order received or that they saw it falling and wanted to raise it before it touched the ground. In reality, the history of this image holds much deeper meaning. According to Garner, the flag itself depicts the United States capturing this important location during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Before this location was captured by the United States military, the Japanese forces used this vantage point to employ direct artillery fire onto the American forces; this exact point aided in making the Battle of Iwo Jima one of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific War (Garner, 2021). In knowing this, we began to think more deeply about the American Flag, what it means, the feelings it elicits, and the importance it holds not only for our military and country but also in different situations and for different individuals. You see, something as simple as a flag holds weight, and for the month of June—the month celebrating Flag Day—we decided at Military REACH that it is important to investigate, share the history of, and even share the personal meanings that these flags have for Service members and their families. The article discusses the flags representing the United States Armed Forces, which include the American flag and the flags of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard.Buckle up, friends, because today we are having fun with flags! American Flag The history of the American flag begins in 1777, and the original design is credited to Betsy Ross (US History, 2024). The flag originally had thirteen horizontal stripes alternating between red and white and thirteen white stars arranged in a circle on a blue field to represent the original thirteen colonies (Smithsonian, 2024). As America continued to expand their territory between 1791 to 1959, the American Flag evolved such that more stars were added to represent the additional states. As of today, there are fifty stars, and the thirteen stripes have remained untouched (Smithsonian, 2024). Not only do the stars and stripes have meaning, but so do the colors of the American flag: the red symbolizes valor and hardiness, white symbolizes purity and innocence, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance, and justice (US History, 2024). As we examined what the American flag historically symbolizes, our team here at Military REACH reflected on what the flag means to them: “When I see the American flag, I am reminded of our country's foundational demand for representation and freedom from oppression, and our continued endeavor to ensure these rights for all Americans.” - Emily Hanson, MNM, MPA “When I see the flag, I think of all the young men and women who have sacrificed so much and continue to do so. I think about the duty we have as Americans to uphold the values this country was founded on, particularly those reflected in the first amendment - freedom of speech, the right to protest, and the right to petition our government for change. “ – Carly Vandenberg, PhD Army Flag The United States Army was established around 1775, however a flag was created in 1956 – 181 years later (Center for Military History United States Army, 2021). The Army flag is made of silk, centering the original “War Office” seal in blue. In the center of the seal, there is a Roman cuirass (i.e., body armor worn by Officers that was made of steel) which symbolizes strength and defense. An unsheathed sword sits in the center with a Phrygian cap, often called the ‘Cap of Liberty’ resting on the top. To the left is a musket, and on the right is an esponton (i.e., a half-pike used by subordinate Officers); these are behind the cuirass and represent the weapons of the Army (U.S. Army Center of Military History, 2000). On the right side of the seal is an unidentified flag with cords and tassels; the flagstaff is a spearhead. Below the flag is a cannon barrel that is slanted upward behind the cuirass. To the left of the cuirass on the bottom are three cannon balls and a cannon barrel. Above the cannon barrel is a drum with two drumsticks, a symbol of the Army’s intention to serve the nation and its’ people. An unknown flag partially covers the drumhead, showcasing another spearhead for the flagstaff. Finally, along the top of the seal is a rattlesnake holding a scroll with the motto, “This We’ll Defend.” The rattlesnake and scroll, used on other American colonial flags, signified the Army’s constant readiness to defend and preserve the United States (U.S. Army Center of Military History, 2000). Below the blue seal is a Scarlett scroll with white lettering that writes, “United States Army” (Center for Military History United States Army, 2021). In some instances, you may see various streamers connected to the Army flag. There can be up to 190 streamers, and these denote the various campaigns fought by the United States Army throughout its history (The Institute of Heraldry, n.d.). “For myself, it’s a reminder of why I serve and motivation to carry on what those before me have done, from the Revolutionary War to now.” – Sergeant Nicholas DiGradio, active duty Soldier “When I see the Army flag I naturally think ‘thank you for your service’ for whoever the owner of the flag is. I hope that they have good memories from being in the service and that they were and are currently being treated well. Veterans are not treated with the respect and dignity they deserve, and I always wish there was more I could do.” – Breanna DeBoer, Army National Guard and Reserves Veteran Marine Corps Flag The early versions of the Marine Corps flag are very different from the flag that flies today. During the 1830s-1840s, the flag was white in color, held a design of an anchor and eagle in its center, and included the words “To the shores of Triopli” across the top (Military.com, 2024). These words, colors, and symbols have changed over the years. Today the Marine Corps flag is scarlet in color and contains the Marine Corps emblem in the center of the flag (Marine Parents, 2023). The Marine Corps emblem consists of an eagle on the top with a streamer in its’ beak that bears the motto of the Marine Corps, “Semper Fidelis,” which means, “Always Faithful.” The eagle itself is a symbol of the United States, and the globe the eagle stands on represents the worldwide commitment of the Marine Corps. Finally, the anchor that goes through the globe represents the founding of the Marine Corps and its close ties to the United States Navy (The Official Website of Marines, n.d.). The scarlet and gold colors within the flag were ordered in 1925 to incorporate the official colors of the Marine Corps (Military.com, 2024). “I honestly feel a sense of connection and trust, sometimes with complete strangers, if I notice they are displaying a Marine Corps decal on their vehicle or a flag in front of their home. I do not seek them out, but I notice it, and in my mind I acknowledge, “There’s a Marine.” My husband is a former Marine, and I have two Marine sons, one active and one former. We proudly fly a Marine Corps flag in front of our home. Who knows? Maybe it deters bad guys from messing with our stuff. I also have five daughters. I know the Marine flag keeps their boyfriends in line.” – Lisa Dosev “The Marine flag represents pride in service and pride in the Corps! Seeing it displayed on a vehicle also leads me to seek the veteran out, if possible, to ask where he served, when, and in what units. Veterans want to connect with their peers and the need for Marines to reconnect is a bond that cannot be broken. If I see it in a store for sale, I am wondering if the store truly values veterans and do they understand the sacrifices Marines and their families give – days of boredom followed, at times, by intense combat that draws one’s memory of time shared in focused pain. Yet I am grateful they care to have it in their store.” – Lance Corporal Kaelan C. Gordon, active duty Navy Flag The official Navy flag was authorized by a Presidential Order in 1959 (Naval History and Heritage Command, 2018). In the center of the flag is a bald eagle, with wings spread wide, to represent bravery and courage. The foot of the eagle is on an anchor that is protecting a ship and symbolizes strength and power at sea. The positionality of the eagle, ship, anchor, and water symbolize unity and brotherhood amidst adversity (Alex, 2023). The imagery on this flag was drawn from the Department of the United States Navy seal such that all components are the same aside from the fact that there is no land depicted on the flag whereas there is land on the bottom right of the seal. The United States Navy flag is for display purposes and is carried on ceremonial occasions but does not fly on vessels (Military.com, 2013). “Whenever I see a Navy flag, I have a familial connection - a kinship, if you will, similar to when I see my family's coat of arms. Being born into a Navy family, marrying (x2) into a Navy family, and being the proud parent of an active-duty Navy Surface Warfare Officer, the Navy flag represents security, peace, and framily. Framily = friends that have become family through the bonds created because of shared experiences due to a military lifestyle.” – Sue Ehlers Burke “As a Navy Veteran the Navy flag represents a possible “Shipmate” or colleague. If I see it on a vehicle I am immediately drawn to ask where this Sailor served and when. It brings back a flood of memories of days at sea and time shared with fellow Sailors. If I see it in a store for sale, I am wondering if the store truly values veterans and do they understand the sacrifices Sailors and their families go through – months upon months of time away. However, I am grateful they care enough to have it there. When I see it flown properly by a government office or school, I have pride for what that flag represents, and I am grateful that they care to display it.” – Captain Terry C. Gordon, Retired U.S. Navy Chaplain Air Force Flag As do most of the branch’s flags, the United States Air Force flag have similar components as the American flag. This similarity includes the flag containing thirteen white stars to represent the thirteen original colonies (US Flag, 2009) where the three stars between eagles’ wings represent the Army, Navy, and Air Force (Air Force Historical Support Division, 2024). Unlike the American flag, the Air Force flag has an ultramarine blue background with gold accents and bears the coat of arms and the seal of the Air Force. The Air Force seal includes the American Bald Eagle which symbolizes the air striking power of the United States, and its head is turned to the right to symbolize facing the enemy and looking toward the future (Air Force Historical Support Division, 2024). The shield below the eagle has a thunderbolt, further representing striking power through the air. The pair of wings around the thunderbolt and the smaller lightning flashes complete the imagery of lightning being cast and thunder accompanying it; this part of the seal was inspired by the Roman god, Jupiter, who was the mythical god of the Heavens. Beneath the shield is a scroll with “United States Air Force” written in gold lettering (Air Force Historical Support Division, 2024). There are two versions of the Air Force flag; one is outlined in gold fringe and is to be hung indoors whereas the other is without gold fringe and is often used outdoors and seen in parades (US Flag, 2009). “One of my grandfathers was an officer in the Air Force and carried those personal and professional skills he learned into the civilian sector after a few years of service. My grandfather’s service gave my parents, and by extension me, a happy, fruitful, and safe childhood. I love the Air Force for the opportunities they’ve given my family.” – Captain Bruce James, active duty Airman “To be honest, the official Air Force flag is kind of boring. However, the newer Air Force logo brings me pride, and when I see it on someone's license plate, which occurs a lot in Texas, I automatically think I have a connection to them.” – Jeff Geringer, Air Force Veteran Space Force Flag The United States Space Force flag is the newest branch flag as of December 2019 (United States Space Force, n.d.). The dark blue and white colors symbolize the vastness of outer space. The middle, grey triangular image represents the Delta Wing of an aircraft (representing the early days in the Air Force space community) and/or space craft, representing innovation and change (United States Space Force, n.d.). The upward position of the Delta Wing represents the central role of the Space Force in defending the space domain. The blue and grey globe behind the Delta Wing represents the earthly home of the United States Space Force. The elliptical orbit (around the globe and Delta Wing) represents defense and protection from all adversaries and threats along with interagency cooperation and allied partnerships. The large white star, the Polaris, symbolizes a light of security and the constant presence and vigilance currently and in the future for space. The two clusters of smaller stars to the left and right of the globe represent the assets developed, maintained, and operated by the United States Space Force. The larger three stars represent the Organize, Train, and Equip functions of the Space Force. Finally, the Roman numerals MMXIX (2019) represent the year of the Space Force’s activation (United States Space Force, n.d.). “When I see the USSF flag out in public there are several thoughts that run through my head, the first is probably in line with most: “Wow it’s real.” I’ve been a career space operator since I’ve entered the military, so I never thought we would see a separate service dedicated to the domain. As such, I also get an immense amount of pride when I see it because I was one of the first, but I hope to lay a solid foundation for those who follow. The second thing that I think of when I see the flag, is the amount of work we have, as a service, to garner public faith and communicate the reason for our creation. On the surface, it seems pretty counterintuitive for a military branch to have to justify its existence, but the nature of our work is highly technical, highly classified, and highly misunderstood. I know that this is a top priority for USSF leaders.” – Anonymous, active duty Guardian Coast Guard Flag The origins of the Coast Guard flag are not quite as clear as some of our other branch’s flags. In 1917, the beginnings of a flag were created depicting a standard white flag with a blue eagle and a semi-circle of thirteen stars surrounding it (United States Coast Guard, 2013). Later the words, “United States Coast Guard,” were included along the top of the eagle in an arc, and “Semper Paratus,” meaning, “Always Ready,” was placed under the eagle. Then, in 1950, the semi-circle of stars was changed to be a full circle above the eagle (American Flags, 2024; United States Coast Guard, 2013). The eagle is also depicted holding an olive branch with thirteen leaves in one talon and thirteen arrows in the other to represent peace, war, and the thirteen original colonies (United States Coast Guard, 2013). The colors of the flag also hold meaning where red represents valor, white represents purity, and blue represents justice – similar to the American flag. “As a mother of a Coast Guard Academy graduate and a present Coast Guard pilot, the Coast Guard flag embodies a profound sense of pride, honor, and dedication for me. The flag brings deep gratitude for the sacrifices made by my child and his fellow “Coasties,” their unwavering dedication to protecting our country's shores, and their commitment to service- ensuring the safety of all who venture into the seas. ‘Semper Paratus – Always Ready.’” – Patrice Bramble Majewski “Particularly seeing the Coast Guard flag, as this was the branch my grandfather served in, I feel grateful for the opportunities the military provided for my family and curious of all the stories that have been shared and not shared by my grandparents.” – Lauren Scott Overall, we hope this article shed some light on the history, meaning, symbolism, and personal pride that individuals have for each of the flags that comprise the branches of the United States military. We thoroughly enjoyed reflecting on these flags and diving deeper into the meaning that each of the symbols and colors hold. It is our desire that for Flag Day this month, you take a moment to not only smile because we have a “Flag Day,” but also that you take it a little more seriously as flags can, and do, hold deep meaning for individuals, especially those who are affiliated with the military in one, or many, capacities. References Alex, Andrew. (2023). Explore the history and design of the US Navy seal logo. https://newsmilitary.com/explore-the-history-and-design-of-the-us-navy-seal-logo/ American Flags. (2024). The flag of the U.S. Coast Guard. https://www.americanflags.com/blog/post/flag-u-s-coast-guard Air Force Historical Support Division. (2024). United States Air Force seal.. https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/459019/united-states-air-force-seal/ Center for Military History United States Army. (2021). The origin of the U.S. Army flag. https://history.army.mil/faq/armyflag.htm Garner, T. (2021, February 23). Raising the flag on Iwo Jima: Here’s the story behind that iconic World War II photo. https://www.livescience.com/iwo-jima-flag-raising.html Marine Corps University. (n.d.) Marine Corps flag. https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Brief-Histories/History-of-the-Marine-Corps-Flag/ Marine Parents. (2023). The Marine Corps flag. https://marineparents.com/marinecorps/marine-flag.asp Military.com. (2011). Marine Corps history: The Marine Corps flag. https://www.military.com/marine-corps-birthday/marine-corps-history-the-marine-flag.html Military.com. (2013). Origins of the Navy flag. https://www.military.com/navy-birthday/origins-of-the-navy-flag.html Naval History and Heritage Command. (2018). Origins of the U.S. Navy flag. https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/heritage/banners/origins-of-the-u-s-navy-flag.html Smithsonian Institution. (2001). Facts about the United States flag. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/flag-facts U.S. Army Center of Military History. (2000). Department of the Army Emblem. https://history.army.mil/reference/Heritage/Emblem.htm The Institute of Heraldry. (n.d.). United States Army flag and streamers. https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15639&CategoryId=9360&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services&from=search The Official Website of Marines. (n.d.). What is the Marine Corps emblem? https://www.hrom.marines.mil/New-Employees/About-the-Marine-Corps/Emblem/ Military.com. (2013). History of Coast Guard flags. https://www.military.com/coast-guard-birthday/history-of-coast-guard-flags.html United States Space Force. (n.d.). United States Space Force symbols. https://www.spaceforce.mil/About-Us/About-Space-Force/USSF-Symbols/ US Flag. (2009). US Air Force flag. https://us-flag.net/military/air-force/ US History. (2024). Flag timeline. https://www.ushistory.org/betsy/flagfact.html
How to be thrifty with the Thrift Savings Plan
HOME ABOUT MILITARY REACH LIBRARY UPDATES RESOURCES 23 FEB 2024 HOW TO BE THRIFTY WITH THE THRIFT SAVINGS PLAN By Matthew T. SaxeyEditors Kate Abbate; Kaylee Short Historically, Military retirement compensation came in the form of a pension that was paid out to Veterans who served at least 20 years. However, only about 17% of enlisted personnel and 49% of officers serve for at least 20 years (Murray & Adedeji, 2020). In 2018, the Military revised their retirement system by creating the Blended Retirement System (BRS). Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) Under the BRS, pension benefits are still offered for those who serve at least 20 qualifying years (Office of Financial Readiness, 2023). An additional retirement option under the BRS that any Service member can invest in is the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP; Office of Financial Readiness, 2023). A TSP account is comparable to a civilian 401(k) plan where an employee can invest part of their paycheck into collections of stocks, bonds, and other investments that can earn money over time. Put differently, the TSP involves opening a retirement account that Service members can use to save money for retirement. Like civilian 401(k) plans, the TSP has an employer match (after two years of Service). If a Service member invests at least 5% of their paycheck into their TSP account, DoD will also invest an amount equal to 5% of the Service member’s paycheck. The employer match is not deducted out of a Service member’s paycheck; rather, the employer match is, in essence, free money put into the TSP account. To show why investing through one’s TSP account might be a worthwhile endeavor, consider the following example. Tom is enlisted, rank E-5, active-duty, and has been Serving for about 9 years. After learning about the TSP, he chooses to invest 5% of his paycheck into his TSP account, which means that with the match, 10% of his paycheck goes into his account each month (about $384.80). Tom stays in the Service for 20 more years, and even though his income will increase, let’s assume only $384.80 goes into his TSP account every month for the next 20 years. Tom wants to retire in 2060, so he invests his monthly contribution into the 2060 lifecycle fund. After 20 more years of Service, assuming the average rate of return for the 2060 lifecycle fund, Tom would have about $374,175.55 in his TSP account. Including the match, Tom contributed $92,352.00, but with the power of compound interest, this money quadrupled over the 20 years. Mathematical estimations like this one exemplify why Albert Einstein said, “Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world.” In short, the TSP is a great way to take advantage of the eighth wonder of the world. Roth TSP Plans Interested Service members can manage their TSP account through the TSP website. In doing so, it is important to note the tax implications of investing in the TSP (Thrift Savings Plan, 2023a). Roth TSP contributions involve Service members paying taxes on income they earn before investing it into their TSP account (Thrift Savings Plan, 2023a). With these Roth contributions, once Service members are 59.5 years old, they can withdraw money from their TSP account tax-free. Said another way, income would be taxed before going into the account, but money can be taken out of the account without any taxes once a Service member is retirement age. Traditional TSP Plans Traditional TSP contributions are somewhat different. That is, the income that is invested is not taxed initially. However, once a Service member is 59.5 years old, the money that is withdrawn from the TSP account would be taxed as income (Thrift Savings Plan, 2023a). There are advantages and disadvantages to both types of contributions, and Service members and their families should choose the TSP contribution option, Roth or Traditional, that is most in line with their current financial situation and financial goals. TSP Investment Options For both Roth and Traditional contributions, there are three different kinds of investment options within the TSP. First, there are mutual funds (Thrift Savings Plan, 2023b). Mutual funds are a collection of several different kinds of stocks and other investments (e.g., bonds) so that not all of one’s ‘eggs’ are put in one basket. Individual stocks and other investments can fluctuate in investment returns, so having a mutual fund with a group of many different stocks and other investments is thought to decrease risk while still maximizing potential gains over time. Second, there are five different kinds of individual TSP funds (Thrift Savings Plan, 2023b). The G and F funds have a lower level of risk with smaller projected returns while the C, S, and I funds have higher levels of risk with greater projected returns. Financial planners generally recommend diversifying a portfolio with some riskier and some less risky investments to provide good return. However, someone with more time before their retirement (e.g., 40 years vs. 20 years) typically would invest in a greater collection of riskier investments for greater returns, on average, over time. Lifecycle Funds Finally, there are lifecycle funds, also called L funds (Thrift Savings Plan, 2023b). These L funds are a diversified collection of the G, F, C, S, and I funds that are designed to coincide with one’s expected retirement year. For example, if someone is planning to retire in 2055, then they might consider investing money into the 2055 L fund. The L funds’ allocation to the five different individual TSP funds is constructed in a way that is in line with when someone wants to retire. For instance, the 2025 L fund involves much less risky investments than the 2065 L fund. To learn more about the specifics of these three investment options, visit the TSP investment options on the TSP website. Being Thrifty with the Thrift Savings Plan Half the battle of being thrifty with the Thrift Savings Plan is simply being aware of it and why potentially choosing to invest in it might be beneficial. The other half involves deciding whether investing in the TSP coincides with one’s current financial situation and financial goals for the future—and consistently following through with the decision. Some Service members and their families might find great value in investing in their TSP account as part of their retirement plan while others might choose to invest in other ways (e.g., investing in a civilian spouse’s 401[k] plan) or rely on the BRS’ pension options. In other words, having a financial plan for retirement (and following through with the plan) is how to be thrifty with the Thrift Savings Plan or other retirement plans. To learn more about investing (e.g., the differences between stocks, bonds, and other investment vehicles) and financial readiness for Military families, visit the Office of Financial Readiness’ website and experience the benefits of planning for, and seeking to achieve, a desired financial future. RECENT STORIES Related Stories in References Murray, C. T., & Adedeji, A. (2020). Approaches to changing military compensation. Congressional Budget Office. https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020-01/55648-CBO-military-compensation.pdf Office of Financial Readiness. (2023). Knowing your benefits and entitlements. Department of Defense. https://finred.usalearning.gov/Benefits#Blended-Retirement-System Thrift Savings Plan. (2023a). Traditional and Roth TSP contributions. https://www.tsp.gov/making-contributions/traditional-and-roth-contributions/ Thrift Savings Plan. (2023b). TSP investment options. https://www.tsp.gov/investment-options/ MOBILIZING RESEARCH, PROMOTING FAMILY READINESS. Our Partners Auburn University University of Georgia Department of Defense US Department of Agriculture 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Military REACH Department of Human Development and Family Sciences (334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu Contact Us Website Feedback Stay Connected with Military REACH These materials were developed as a result of a partnership funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) between the DoD's Office of Military Community and Family Policy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA/NIFA) through a grant/cooperative agreement with Auburn University. USDA/NIFA Award No. 2021-48710-35671. Last Update: 02/23/2022 2017 - 2024 All Right Reserved - Military REACHPrivacy Statement| Accessibility Plan
RED, WHITE, AND MERRY: CELEBRATING HOLIDAYS IN THE MILITARY
HOME ABOUT MILITARY REACH LIBRARY UPDATES RESOURCES 12 DEC 2023 RED, WHITE, AND MERRY: CELEBRATING HOLIDAYS IN THE MILITARY By Melissa GarnesEditors Kate Abbate; Kaylee Short Cookies, candles, and joy - it's that wonderful time of the year! November and December bring many holidays celebrated by families worldwide – Diwali, Hanukkah, Krampus Night, and Kwanza are just a few around the world that are celebrated. Yet not every family holiday mirrors the magical moments often portrayed in Hollywood films. Some families grapple with separation, financial constraints, or time limitations. Our military families, with their distinctive responsibilities and lifestyle, share in these struggles. Thankfully, the Department of Defense (DOD) and global organizations have collaborated to create support systems, traditions, and services for service personnel, their families, and civilians to lessen the burden they may face during the holiday season. In this article, we'll explore how the DOD, national organizations, and local communities are extending a helping hand to families across the globe, and we will discuss ways your family can spread holiday cheer this season. NORAD Tracks Santa One month out of each year, the North American Aerospace Defense (NORAD) embarks on the magical journey of tracking the man in the red suit as he circles the globe. This whimsical tradition traces back nearly 65 years to an unexpected phone call. A little boy from Colorado Springs dialed the Constitutional Air Defense Command, hoping to speak to Santa after a department store advertisement misprinted the phone number. To his delight, Air Force Colonel Harry Shoup answered, and in the true spirit of Christmas, he and his team continued to field calls from eager children throughout the night. Beginning December 1st, you and your family can virtually visit the Noth Pole to learn more about Santa, play a new game every day in December, listen to Santa’s favorite music, and watch movies about Santa and NORAD! But make sure to come back on Christmas Eve to see when he’s flying his sleigh through a town near you! Operation Christmas Drop The holiday spirit didn't just touch the operators at the Constitutional Air Defense Command. In 1952, an aircrew aboard a B-29 Superfortress spotted Kapingamarangi islanders waving from below. Moved by the festive season, the crew decided to perform a parachute drop of supplies. This single act of generosity evolved into Operation Christmas Drop, the DOD's longest-running humanitarian initiative. For over a week, hundreds of volunteers, Service members, and communities unite to parachute packages to more than 50 remote islands in the Pacific. These aren't your typical wrapped gifts; they descend like snowflakes, filled with essentials like clothing, rice, school supplies, fishing gear, and, of course, toys! Operation Homefront Holiday Toy Drive The spirit of giving doesn't end with Operation Christmas Drop. The military community has its own secret Santa in the form of Operation Homefront's annual Holiday Toy Drive. This initiative brings joy to Veteran, wounded, and active-duty families through the gift of toys. Yet, it means more than just playthings; the Holiday Toy Drive symbolizes the community coming together to express gratitude to military personnel and their families for their unique sacrifices. In creating cherished memories and smiles, this present is priceless. If you’re feeling as moved this holiday season as we are, here are some ways you can get involved with military communities near and far to spread that good ole holiday cheer: Adopt-A-Family Holiday Support Soldier’s Angels provide aid, comfort, and resources to the military community. Through their Adopt-A-Family program, you can provide gifts and a grocery gift card for a military family in your community, just filter by zip code, city, or state. Send a Card Send a heartfelt card or handmade letter to a Veteran or Service member this season. Participate in the Military Card Challenge or send Hanukkah cards through The Jewish Soldiers Project (contact: jewishsoldiersproject@gmail.com) Volunteer to Feed Veterans Brought to you by the Soldier’s Angels organization, you can volunteer to serve our military-connected community by assisting with food distribution events. The goal of these events is to provide groceries to low-income active-duty Service members, Guardsmen, Reservists, Veterans, and their families. These events are sponsored by local businesses and organizations and are made possible with help from volunteers. This program is offered in the following cities: Atlanta, Georgia Charleston, South Carolina Denver, Colorado Detroit, Michigan Orlando, Florida San Antonio, Texas If you don’t see a city near you don’t worry, make a meal for a military member you know, so you can share in the joy of good food and good company. The collaborative efforts between the Department of Defense (DOD) and global organizations have provided invaluable support systems, established enduring traditions, and provided essential services that alleviate the burdens faced by civilians, Service members, and their families during the holiday season. These initiatives and celebrations have woven a framework of compassion, resilience, and community, fostering unity among diverse families connected by the common thread of service to their nations. These endeavors not only recognize the sacrifices made by military personnel but also extend their embrace to the families and communities that stand with them. From our home at Military REACH to yours, we hope you have a happy holiday season and a prosperous New Year! RECENT STORIES Related Stories in MOBILIZING RESEARCH, PROMOTING FAMILY READINESS. Our Partners Auburn University University of Georgia Department of Defense US Department of Agriculture 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Military REACH Department of Human Development and Family Sciences (334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu Contact Us Website Feedback Stay Connected with Military REACH These materials were developed as a result of a partnership funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) between the DoD's Office of Military Community and Family Policy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA/NIFA) through a grant/cooperative agreement with Auburn University. USDA/NIFA Award No. 2021-48710-35671. Last Update: 02/23/2022 2017 - 2022 All Right Reserved - Military REACHPrivacy Statement| Accessibility Plan
PURPLE HEART DAY
August 7th is Purple Heart Day – a day to honor the ~1.8 million Purple Heart recipients (United States Mint, 2022). The Purple Heart has origins as the oldest medal in the U.S. military and is awarded to members of the Armed Forces who have been injured or killed due to an enemy attack/action (Veteran.com, 2022). Additionally, it is special because it is an entitlement, meaning people receive it when they meet the basic criteria versus others requiring them to be nominated by their superior officer (Miller, 2010). This article will review a brief history of the Purple Heart and discuss ways in which we can honor the recipients. \n\n #### History of the Purple Heart \n\n According to The National WWII Museum and the National Purple Heart Hall of Honor, the Purple Heart began as the Badge of Military Merit. It was established in 1782 because George Washington wanted to “cherish virtuous ambitions in his [enlisted] soldiers.” Receiving this metal was considered a high honor throughout the American Revolution, and only three individuals were documented to have received it. However, following the war, it wasn’t spoken about again until 1932, when it was renamed the Purple Heart. This rebranding was likely intended to honor the original design of the Badge of Military Merit which was a “figure of a heart in purple cloth or silk edged with narrow lace or binding” (Virginia War Memorial Foundation, n.d.). \n\n #### How Can We Honor Purple Heart Recipients? \n\n Purple Heart Day, August 7th, is a time when our nation pauses to recognize the service and sacrifice of those who have received a Purple Heart. On this day, you may see various military organizations hold remembrance for their fallen heroes and give special thanks to the recipients. So, what can you do to honor these Service members and Veterans? You can… \n* Offer a moment of silence and gratitude for those who died of injuries obtained while protecting our country. \n* Create a safe space for recipients to discuss their experiences and needs. This will allow them to recognize the people in their life who support and care about their wellbeing. \n* Donate your time or contribute to military foundations you resonate with, such as the Purple Heart [Foundation](https://purpleheartfoundation.org/). \n\n Thank you to those who have served and a special thank you this month to those who received a Purple Heart. \n\n##### References \n* Hobfoll S. E., & Lilly R. S. (1993). Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128–148. [https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199304)21:2<128::AID-JCOP2290210206>3.0.CO;2-5](https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199304)21:2<128::AID-JCOP2290210206>3.0.CO;2-5 )\n* Institute of Medicine of The National Academies. (2013). Returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. [https://doi.org/10.17226/13499](https://doi.org/10.17226/13499 )\n* Segal, M. W., & Harris, J. J. (1993). What we know about army families. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA271989](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA271989)\n* Trail, T. E., Meadows, S. O., Miles, J. N., & Karney, B. R. (2017). Patterns of vulnerabilities and resources in U.S. military families. Journal of Family Issues, 38 (15), 2128–2149. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15592660](https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15592660)\n* U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2022). Special education: DOD programs and services for military-dependent students with disabilities. [https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-105015.pdf](https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-105015.pdf)
REFLECTIONS AND PREVENTIONS FOR CHILD ABUSE AWARENESS MONTH
Being a parent is hard and comes with many challenges. Children misbehave because they often have difficulty following directions, and they may push their parents’ buttons to get what they want. It’s important for parents and caretakers to put support in place (e.g., a go-to person who can help when needed) to ensure they can raise their children in a healthy, effective way regardless of the challenges they face. When parents’ actions harm their child emotionally or physically, they are committing child abuse (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). And while child abuse is on the decline, it’s still a pervasive problem in the United States today (Children’s Bureau, 2020). This article will discuss a few contexts in which child abuse can occur, stress management suggestions for parents, and available resources for child abuse prevention, specifically within the military. Understanding Child Abuse Children who experience abuse can suffer long-term effects on their physical and mental health, such as depression, anxiety, and chronic health conditions (Maschi et al., 2013). Research and social learning theory (i.e., modeling behaviors observed in one’s environment; McMillen & Rideout, 1996) show that child abuse often occurs within a family cycle: if you have experienced abuse yourself, you are more likely to abuse as a parent (Morgan et al., 2022). Similarly, children who see fewer examples of emotional regulation from their parents or caregivers will have fewer opportunities to learn such skills and become more likely to perpetuate the cycle (Osborne et al., 2021). In addition to the role of generational abuse, the challenges that new parents face also can also contribute. Parenthood is stressful enough, but the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated how compounding stress affects families. The pandemic heightened stressors for parents, but their typical resources (e.g., daycare, school), perceptions (e.g., thoughts about how a stressful event may affect their family), and coping strategies (e.g., creating positive meaning, social support) were less effective, which, in turn, increased child maltreatment (Wu & Xu, 2020). When parents have reduced coping skills and a decreased ability to regulate their own emotions, their children can be less likely to develop the same skills (Osborne et al., 2021). Additionally, parents with maltreatment histories themselves often struggled with regulating their emotions then passed the struggles to their children (Osborne et al., 2021), in turn hindering an effective coping skill these children might use when experiencing stress as an adult. How to Cope Identifying healthier coping skills and means of emotional regulation (e.g., not holding onto anger) can be one way for parents to improve their well-being and limit opportunities for abuse. Some potential coping skills are: Creating a community for social support Talking with other parents about their coping skills Taking relaxation breaks (e.g., deep breathing, listening to music), even if only for 5 minutes Asking for help (e.g., with errands, babysitting) from community and friends Finding and using professional support when stress begins to pile up or when parents can no longer manage their stressors alone (APA, 2011). Prevention Efforts and Resources for Military Communities Just like civilian populations, military families can experience child abuse, and may even perpetrate it. Thankfully, the military has developed programs to support families and children experiencing abuse. One such program is the Family Advocacy Program (FAP), which works to prevent abuse and provide treatment for those affected by abuse. FAP also supports military families and connects them to local resources. Another program for Service members and their families is the After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) program. At-risk families can use this program to build resilience, strengthen emotional regulation, and improve overall family well-being. The ADAPT program (which has been researched extensively) seeks to improve family functioning by teaching core parenting skills, such as teaching through encouragement, problem-solving, and emotional socialization. The New Parent Support Program assists military parents and expecting parents with transitioning into parenthood and developing a nurturing home. The program’s goal is to help parents build strong, healthy bonds with their children and manage the demands of parenting within the context of the military and its already-stressful job demands (e.g., deployment). Support and Resources for Those Who Have Experienced Abuse Having community support is essential to creating a buffer between oneself and the negative outcomes of child abuse. We know that experiencing abuse can lead to repeating the cycle with a child’s future family; however, there are also protective factors predictive of greater long-term psychological well-being for children (Siddiqui, 2015). Examples of such factors include receiving love from siblings or people outside of the family and participating in activities outside the home (e.g., school sports). These experiences can heighten a child’s sense of social support (Fasihi Harandi et al., 2017) and self-esteem (Liu et al., 2021). If you or your loved one experienced childhood abuse and still struggle with its effects, know that you are not alone. Below is a list of resources to help improve your well-being. Suicide & Crisis Line – 988 (https://988lifeline.org/) Child Help (https://childhelphotline.org/) MilParent Power ToolKit (https://www.militaryonesource.mil/parenting/children-youth-teens/milparent-power-toolkit/) Child Abuse Report Line for Military Families (877-790-1197 + 571-372-5348) It is important that we find healthy ways of coping with our stress so we can be positive role models for our children and families. If you need help coping, look within your community for mental health support programs or parenting classes (APA, 2008). Helping professionals should stay on top of reporting requirements and help their families create safe, loving environments for their children (APA, 2008). We still have a long way to go in preventing and limiting child abuse cases – ultimately, though, prevention starts with us.
THERAPY: WHERE DO I EVEN BEGIN?
Starting therapy – even thinking about it – can be overwhelming. How do I find a therapist? Do I want to do individual therapy, or family therapy? With my busy schedule, how will I find time to attend sessions? All of these are valid questions that come up for people about to begin their therapeutic journey. This article will guide you through the process by explaining words and phrases often seen in therapists’ online profiles, describing common provider types, offering suggestions for finding a provider, and describing what to expect when your sessions begin. In addition, we will debunk common therapy stereotypes. Therapeutic Words and Phrases on Profiles Two therapy-related terms you may see or hear on provider profiles (e.g., Psychology Today), are counseling and psychotherapy. Often, these terms are used interchangeably, but there are differences between the two. Counseling’s traditional focus is on a specific issue and its intention is to address a particular problem (e.g., stress management). Counseling can also include developing coping strategies or problem solving for different situations. By contrast, psychotherapy is a longer-term approach to therapy and dives deeper into the underlying processes of a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Psychotherapy can address multiple problems simultaneously and is often used for diagnosis and the management of various mental health diagnoses, such as depression or anxiety (Sailing, 2021). You may also see providers mention theoretical orientation, which is how a therapist approaches their work and how they perceive their clients’ challenges (Sailing, 2021). For example, some theoretical orientations focus on early childhood experiences and relationships with parents, while others focus on the thoughts, behaviors, and emotions related to your current concerns. Theoretical orientations that you may see on profiles include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), person-centered therapy, or a psychodynamic approach. Therapists who mention using a holistic perspective may adjust their approach based on the needs of a given client. Common Provider Types When searching for a therapist, it is important to understand the differences between the types of providers. Licensed Professional Counselors, Licensed Clinical Social Workers, Psychologists, Psychiatrists, and Marriage and Family Therapists can all provide therapy, but their training and overall approach may differ. Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC) and Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSW) are mental health professionals with at least a master’s degree in psychology, counseling, or social work. Upon graduation, they work in a clinical setting (e.g., counseling center) to accrue additional training focused on treatment, after which they take a licensing exam. LPCs and LCSWs are qualified to provide counseling to evaluate and treat mental health concerns for children and adults. Beyond this qualification, LCSWs also have the opportunity to engage in additional advanced training and receive their doctorate degree, at which point they become DCSWs (Doctor of Clinical Social Work). Psychologists have a doctoral degree in psychology focusing on the study of the mind and behavior. After graduate school they must complete a lengthy internship for additional training in treatment and theories. Psychologists can evaluate and treat mental illnesses through various assessments, clinical interviews, psychotherapy, and counseling. Based on their training and experience, psychologists can provide individual services to children and adults, or groups. A Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of mental illnesses through the use of medications. Typically, the goal of seeing a psychiatrist is to understand and adjust medications and discuss how the medications are addressing symptoms. Often, psychiatrists do not conduct psychotherapy with their clients; instead, psychiatric visits are combined with sessions with a counselor or psychologist. Marriage and Family Therapists (MFT) earn a master’s degree to treat a wide range of clinical problems and specialize in work with couples and families. Their form of treatment is typically brief, solution-focused, and based on specific, attainable goals a couple can work to meet. The focus of an MFT’s psychotherapy is family systems – which can mean having family attending therapy together – and often addresses mental health within those systems. Suggestions for Finding a Provider Finding a provider or a therapy style that works for you is like test-driving a car, and you shouldn’t feel obliged to go with the first car you tested out. One way to find a provider is by reviewing profiles on websites like Psychology Today or Inclusive Therapist. Providers’ profiles will typically include the presenting concerns in which they specialize (e.g., children, LGBTQ+), their training, and even the insurance they accept. Another option for finding a therapist is to consult with family and friends who have been to therapy. Personal stories and referrals can be a great way to find the right therapist for you. Consulting with your medical provider, with whom you have an established relationship, is another way to find local providers in your area. It’s worth noting that sometimes a profile sounds great, but, once you officially meet, your connection with the therapist feels different. That’s okay! Feel empowered to take the time to find the best fit for you and your needs (just like test driving multiple cars!). What to Expect in Therapy Before attending your first therapy session, make sure to consult with your provider and ask about sliding scale rates and whether they accept your insurance. This way, you won’t have to worry about the cost of obtaining services and will know that your chosen provider is within your budget. Cost is often a barrier to attending therapy, so sorting out the issue beforehand may ease any feelings of stress or worry. It’s also important to ask about the structure of your appointments. For example, clarify how long sessions will last. Counseling and psychotherapy sessions typically last an hour unless a provider indicates otherwise. You might also inquire about the overall treatment length. The duration will vary, depending on your provider and your presenting concerns, but it’s important to understand how long you will be in therapy – whether several months or several years. And confirm whether your sessions will be in-person or virtual: discuss which would be best for your treatment and your schedule. During your first session, ask questions about the things that matter most to you in therapy. You may want to know how many years your therapist has been practicing, or their approach to someone with your concerns. The first session can also be a time to address values important for you to have recognized within the therapy setting. Common Myths about Therapy Something must be wrong with me if I need to attend therapy. People attend therapy for a variety of reasons, from managing daily life stressors (e.g., work-related stress, family relationships) to navigating severe mental illness (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia). I will be judged by my therapist. For those who have never attended therapy before, one fear is that they will be judged when sharing vulnerable information. However, therapy is intended to be a safe space anyone willing to be vulnerable and authentic in their experiences. If anyone finds out I am going to therapy, I will be ruined. People will see me as weak. There is still a stigma around attending therapy, but it’s important to know that this service is confidential. Just like with any doctor’s visit, your attendance in therapy and what you share there stay within that space and are not something that will be shared unless you feel inclined to do so. Once I start therapy, I will be in therapy forever. The length of time that you attend can vary and depends on a variety of factors, including your presenting concerns and the form of therapy you choose. It’s also important to know that it may take time to see results – therapy is not an immediate process. All types of therapy are the same. Therapy can look different based on presenting concerns, the theoretical orientation of your provider, and the type of provider from whom you are seeking services. Therapy is a resource that is often underused due to unclear information on how to find a therapist, a lack of knowledge about the types of providers, and various myths that keep people from attending. Seeking therapy can be an individual, couple, or family choice, one centered on well-being and mental health. Remember that seeking therapy doesn’t mean you are weak. Instead, therapy gives you an opportunity for growth and additional support.
HONORING OUR INDIGENOUS AMERICAN SERVICE MEMBERS
In addition to being a time we give thanks for family, friends, and freedom, November is also Native American Heritage Month. It’s a month of celebration and recognition of our country’s Indigenous peoples, especially those Indigenous Service members often left out of the narrative. Indigenous Americans Serving in the U.S. Military Indigenous Service members and Veterans report serving in the U.S. Military for a variety of reasons, such as financial or educational reasons, loyalty to the United States, or because serving aligns with their values (Huyser et al., 2021). According to a special report on American Indians' contribution to our Armed Forces (Holiday et al, 2006), Indigenous Service members have been an integral part of military service for the past 200 years – in fact, they’ve served in every major conflict since the Revolutionary War. About 12,000 Indigenous Service members served during WWI, and 14 Indigenous women served in the Army Nurse Corps during the same time. These numbers increased substantially during WWII, when more than 44,000 Indigenous people were drafted or enlisted (Holiday et al., 2006). Perhaps the best-known role of Indigenous Service members was the WWII-era Navajo Code Talkers. These were highly trained Indigenous Service members who used their native language to create an encrypted line of communication (CIA, 2008; DeSimone, 2021). The Navajo Code Talkers’ efforts were not the first use of Indigenous languages for military codes, but they were the first use of Navajo. Because other militaries began studying North American Indigenous languages after WWI, the Marine Corps chose Navajo due to its complexity and obscurity outside the Navajo tribe. The Navajo Code Talkers’ contributions did not become widely recognized until after the operation was declassified in 1968. In 1982, President Reagan declared August 14th “Navajo Code Talkers Day.” Quick Facts about Indigenous Service Members and Veterans Indigenous Service members and Veterans have had a profound effect on our military and our country, so it’s important to take the time to learn more about them and their specific needs. Indigenous Service members serve at a higher rate than any other demographic (Huyser et al., 2021; VA, 2020). Indigenous Service members receive the lowest income amongst retired Service members/Veterans (VA, 2020). Indigenous Veterans are at a higher risk of having suicidal thoughts than White Veterans (Gross et al., 2022). Although these findings may be surprising, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and military researchers continue to study the unique barriers and experiences of Indigenous Service members. For example, Huyser and colleagues (2021) conducted a study to investigate the persistent disadvantages Indigenous Veterans experience following their service. They found that: Indigenous Veterans were more likely to need additional support completing daily activities (e.g., eating, getting out of bed) than their White Veteran counterparts; Indigenous Veterans were more likely to have fair or poor health than their White Veteran counterparts (14% versus 8%); 61% of the Indigenous Veterans sampled had never used their VA services. Serving Those Who Serve Given this information, it’s important that we find ways to recognize and support our Indigenous Service members and Veterans. Below are recommendations for providing support and uplifting these Service members, no matter your role in their lives. Helping Professionals Request training from tribal representatives to support developing an inclusive and understanding environment, one that can provide the best treatment and create culturally informed treatment plans for Indigenous Veterans. Review available resources for supporting work with Indigenous populations, such as the SAMHSA Tribal Training and Technical Assistance Center, which guides tribal communities and organizations in applying culturally appropriate responses to topics like wellness and mental health. Employers Build and sustain relationships with tribal organizations, colleges, and universities to provide Indigenous Veterans and their families with employment, apprenticeships, and internship opportunities. Families/Community Members Celebrate the accomplishments of Indigenous Service members and Veterans by engaging in traditions significant for the Service members. Encourage Indigenous Service members and Veterans to use the services guaranteed to them (e.g., VA benefits) for their time serving in the U. S. Military. Hundreds of thousands of Indigenous Service members have served in the U.S. Military. It’s important to recognize their contributions to our country and its military successes and to understand their unique history. Continuing to recognize their service is one way to give thanks. How will you celebrate Indigenous Veterans and Service members this month? Thank you to all Indigenous Service members and Veterans for your service!
SERVICE PETS: DOGGIE DO OR DOGGIE DON’T
Families come in many different forms and often include our furry, four-legged family members. Having a pet is a common experience in the United States; roughly 90 million homes own a pet and over 69 million of those households own a dog (APPA National Pet Owner Survey, 2021-2022). As the saying goes “a dog is a man’s (and woman’s) best friend”. Dogs give people a sense of friendship and joy every day and can improve people’s lives in much more practical ways. Roughly 500,000 service animals assist those who rely on them. Service animals are trained to work with and support individuals with disabilities. Some examples of the service these animals provide include: Assisting those who are hearing impaired, Assisting those with physical disabilities to balance and retrieve objects, Assisting individuals with mental health concerns such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Calming down their owners during an anxiety attack. Service animals have been shown to support their owners’ overall psychosocial health, including higher emotional and social functioning (Rodriguez, Bibbo, & O’Hair, 2020). Service animals are also distinctly different from emotional support animals. Emotional support animals also comfort and support people experiencing a variety of mental health concerns (e.g., social anxiety, depression), but do not undergo the rigorous training required for service animals. Support from a service animal can be important for Veterans dealing with post-deployment, mental health concerns, and overall functioning. Veterans can turn to the VA for help contacting accredited agencies in order to find a service animal of their own. However, I’ll also highlight some of the benefits of having a service dog, as well as some things to consider before welcoming one into your family. Benefits of having a Service Dog: Research shows that service dogs can help Veterans manage PTSD, offer overall support for wellbeing, provide a sense of purpose, and instill feelings of safety. Further, service dogs can help to manage stress, which is often a concern for Veterans, and they can give Veterans a sense of confidence in social settings. Having a service dog in the home might also help families communicate more effectively, have more family time, and regulate stress together. And service dogs can serve as companions for the entire family – including children, which can in turn support childhood development. A service dog can create a feeling of all-around familial connectedness, influencing far more than the Service member alone. Considerations before owning a Service Dog: Owning a service dog sounds like it’s all fun, right? And most of it probably is. However, there are many things to consider before bringing one home, such as the time, energy, and financial burdens of ownership. Service dogs require time and energy in a variety of ways, including continued training, exercise, and overall health maintenance. Training for service dogs is extensive and can take between 8 – 18 months depending on the needs of the Service member. Dogs trained to assist Service members with PTSD learn how to interrupt PTSD symptoms (e.g., anxiety, panic attacks, nightmares), allowing the veterans to regain their emotional control and their safety in challenging environments and situations. There are also financial considerations when it comes to owning a pet or a service dog, chief among them the cost of food and veterinary bills. Bringing a service dog into your family also comes with unique responsibilities, which, in some cases, can disrupt family relationships. The service dog is trained to have a relationship with its Service member, something that may make other family members jealous. At the same time, the family is responsible for integrating the service dog into its routine. A lack of clarity between the Service member and spouse regarding training commands or relationship rules can result in uncertainty for the family system. Service dogs may also increase the spouse’s caregiver burden: service dogs may still misbehave; you might lose a sock or two; and other family members could be left with animal maintenance the Service member can’t maintain alone. If owning a service dog seems like a good option for you and your family, review the resources you get from the VA, which may be able to defray costs associated with your service companion. And make sure you weigh all of the options before deciding. When considering whether a service dog is right for your family, be mindful of both the positive and more take note of the effect it can have on your Service member’s well-being and the ways a service dog might bring joy into your home.