Military spouses play an important role in enabling military operational effectiveness. Studies show that poor physical and psychological health among military members negatively impacts the well-being of their spouses. However, little is known about the main challenges and protective factors related to the well-being of military spouses dealing with ill or injured military members. Existing research has mostly focused on one perspective—either military members’ or spousal. Therefore, this quantitative study was conducted with a matched (member and spouse) sample (N = 130). The aim of the research was to understand the role of military members’ illness from both the members’ and spousal perspectives, as well as the role of protective factors, including relationship quality and social support, in the well-being of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) spouses. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that members’ psychological health predicted the psychological health of military spouses. Analyses also revealed that spousal perception of the relationship quality was a key predictor of spousal life satisfaction and psychological distress.
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1 - 12 of 121 Spousal psychological health: The role of military spouse health and protective factors
Spousal psychological health: The role of military spouse health and protective factors
APA Citation:
Skomorovsky, A., Chamberland, J., & Wan, C. (2022). Spousal psychological health: The role of military spouse health and protective factors. Military Behavioral Health, 10(2), 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2022.2067920
Focus:
Physical health
Mental health
Couples
Other
Branch of Service:
International Military
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Skomorovsky, Alla; Chamberland, Justin; Wan, Cynthia
2022
“This gradual swing back into us”: Active duty Army spouses’ experiences during homecoming and post-deployment family reintegration
APA Citation:
Drew, A. L., Blankenship, A. E., Kritikos, T. K., Jacoby, V. M., Dondanville, K. A., Yarvis, J. S., Sharrieff, A., McGeary, C. A., Blount, T. H., Young-McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., & DeVoe, E. R. (2022). "This gradual swing back into us": Active duty Army spouses' experiences during homecoming and post-deployment family reintegration. Journal of Family Issues. 43(7), 1946-1967. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211030023
Focus:
Deployment
Couples
Mental health
Parents
Trauma
Branch of Service:
Army
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Drew, Alison L.; Blankenship, Abby E.; Kritikos, Tessa K.; Jacoby, Vanessa M.; Dondanville, Katherine A.; Yarvis, Jeffrey S.; Sharrieff, Allah-Fard; McGeary, Cindy A.; Blount, Tabatha H.; Young-McCaughan, Stacey; Peterson, Alan L.; DeVoe, Ellen R.
2022
There is acknowledgment that deployments can be stressful for military spouses; however, less is known about their experiences post-deployment. This qualitative study examined the post-deployment experiences of 16 female spouses, whose active duty Army husband had returned from deployment within the previous 2 years and who had a young child during the deployment. Spouses reported that the time surrounding their husbands’ return was one of the great transitions, often accompanied by stress. Most families were able to work through challenges and show positive adjustment over time. However, some spouses described severe post-deployment challenges marked by disconnect from their partners; three of these were spouses whose husbands had posttraumatic stress disorder. The findings address how spouses prepared for their husband’s return, their reunion experiences, the process of reintegrating their husband into family life, and individual changes in the partners post-deployment. Facilitators and challenges to adjustment were identified as potential targets for interventions.
3 Understanding special operations forces spouses challenges and resilience: A mixed-method study
Understanding special operations forces spouses challenges and resilience: A mixed-method study
APA Citation:
Richer, I., Frank, C., & Guérin, E. (2022). Understanding special operations forces spouses challenges and resilience: A mixed-method study, 10(2), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2022.2067921
Focus:
Couples
Deployment
Mental health
Branch of Service:
International Military
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Richer, I.; Frank, C.; Guérin, E.
2022
Special Operations Forces (SOF) are high readiness units that frequently deploy on short notice, leaving their families to cope at home. The objective of this study was to better understand the unique challenges of SOF spouses and the risk and protective factors that contribute to their resilience. The study employed a mixed-methods design, including an online survey (n = 159 spouses) and in-depth semi-structured interviews (n = 29 spouses). Results indicate that while the majority of surveyed SOF spouses had good mental health, they seem to have a higher prevalence of poor mental health than conventional force spouses. Combined survey and interview results indicate that SOF spouses report high levels of work-life conflict and experience challenges related to the demands of the SOF lifestyle. Living in a rural area was inversely related to good mental health, and qualitative findings suggest that this association may be due to career limitations. Social support, especially from the SOF community and their SOF partner, was identified as critical for spouses’ well-being. Participants also discussed having a military background, being independent, engaging in self-care, and using military family services and counseling as key to maintaining their well-being. Recommendations for support needs are discussed.
Effects of a 9-month military-base internship on the competitive integrated employment of military dependent and connected youth with ASD
APA Citation:
Wehman, P., Schall, C., Avellone, L., McDonough, J., Whittenburg, H., Dubois, T., & Broda, M. (2023). Effects of a 9-month military-base internship on the competitive integrated employment of military dependent and connected youth with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(9), 3525-3541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05634-8
Focus:
Youth
Programming
Children
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
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Research & Summary
Wehman, Paul; Schall, Carol; Avellone, Lauren; McDonough, Jennifer; Whittenburg, Holly; Dubois, Thomas; Broda, Michael
2023
This waitlist-controlled cluster randomized clinical trial presents the results of PS + ASD for military dependent and connected youth with ASD. Following earlier findings regarding PS + ASD, this study expands upon that previous work by including a new population, military dependent and connected transition aged youth with ASD. Findings indicate that military dependent and connected youth who participated in PS + ASD gained competitive integrated employment at 60% despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn. In addition, these youth worked a mean of 24.42 h weekly and earned an average hourly wage of $9.38 at one year post baseline while the waitlist control group participants did not gain CIE. In addition, by 18 months, 58.3% of participants gained positions in federal employment. Implications of the study are discussed.
Gender disparities in active duty Air Force parents’ childcare access: Pre-pandemic costs, utilization, and career impacts
APA Citation:
King, E. L., Myint, H., Gardner, T. R., Mitchell, M. R., & Beitz, K. A. (2023). Gender disparities in active duty Air Force parents' childcare access: Pre-pandemic costs, utilization, and career impacts. Armed Forces & Society, 49(3), 776-797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X221094646
Focus:
Couples
Children
Parents
Branch of Service:
Air Force
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research & Summary
King, Erika L.; Myint, Hla; Gardner, Tawney R.; Mitchell, Morgan R.; Beitz, Kristin A.
2023
Past reports indicate that enduring Department of Defense (DoD) childcare shortfalls may disproportionately affect women, but details regarding gender effects are unknown. This exploratory study sought to uncover the military childcare system’s pre-pandemic state by analyzing two Air Force (AF) survey datasets—the 2017 AF Community Feedback Tool and 2020 AF Childcare Survey—to examine gender gaps in active duty AF parents’ childcare access, cost and utilization, and perceptions of childcare impacts on career progression and retention. Results reveal that women—particularly those in the lowest ranks with less time on station—report more difficulties accessing childcare than male counterparts. Furthermore, fathers paid nothing for childcare and relied on spouses for childcare at higher rates, while mothers paid for care, relied on DoD childcare programs, were on DoD waitlists, reported childcare-related career impacts, and reported childcare affected their retention decisions at higher rates. Policy recommendations to improve childcare across the force are discussed.
6 Bring your spouse: Brief multifamily group outcome for posttraumatic stress disorder
Bring your spouse: Brief multifamily group outcome for posttraumatic stress disorder
APA Citation:
Elder, W. B., Rochester, N. K., Rentz, T. O., & Auster, T. L. (2023). Bring your spouse: Brief multifamily group outcome for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(8), 1378-1383. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001287
Focus:
Veterans
Mental health
Programming
Trauma
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Veteran
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Elder, William B.; Rochester, Natalie K.; Rentz, Timothy O.; Auster, Tracey L.
2023
OBJECTIVE: There has been little evidence supporting the efficacy of psychoeducation as a stand-alone approach to alleviate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined the efficacy of a stand-alone psychoeducation PTSD intervention using a group format that incorporated the option of bringing an emotional support person to sessions. METHOD: PTSD 102 is an eight-session, 1-hr, weekly intervention for veterans and their family members. Pre- and posttreatment symptom measurement data were analyzed from 101 veteran men and women seeking outpatient treatment in a PTSD Clinical Team clinic at a Veteran Health care outpatient facility. RESULTS: Paired-samples t tests were performed, which demonstrated a significant difference in the scores for pretreatment PTSD symptoms (M = 55.049, SD = 14.585) and posttreatment scores (M = 45.696, SD = 17.814); t(100) = 8.496, p < .001. The effect size was d = .843. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the scores for pretreatment depressive symptoms (M = 17.000, SD = 6.183) and posttreatment scores (M = 13.608, SD = 6.229); t(89) = 7.106, p < .001. The effect size was d = .749. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that integrating emotional support individuals into a psychoeducational PTSD treatment group had a significant impact on mental health symptoms for veteran participants.
Translating Discovery Science. Fostering relationships: Service provider perspectives on community building among veteran families
APA Citation:
Monk, J. K., Ruhlmann, L., Nelson Goff, B. S., Ogan, M., & Miller, M. B. (2023). Translating Discovery Science. Fostering relationships: Service provider perspectives on community building among veteran families. Family Relations, 72(3), 1351-1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12724
Focus:
Veterans
Mental health
Couples
Programming
Trauma
Branch of Service:
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Air Force
Coast Guard
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Veteran
Guard
Reserve
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Monk, J. Kale; Ruhlmann, Lauren; Nelson Goff, Briana S.; Ogan, Matthew; Miller, Mary Beth
2023
Objective We sought to identify the social process through which communal support can be established among veteran couples and families. Background On the basis of the social organization theory of action and change, a sense of community is crucial for military veterans' well-being and may serve as a resource for intervention. Method We interviewed service providers (n = 8) and corroborated their perspectives by triangulating evaluations from veteran family participants (n = 143). Data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. Results Providers suggested promoting a sense of community in prevention and intervention programming by (a) establishing a safe and empowering space, (b) bridging existing gaps within family and community systems, and (c) encouraging interpersonal healing by promoting connection and facilitating the sharing of common experiences. Providers also described challenges to facilitating the program, including logistics, time, and funding constraints. Conclusion According to our results, fostering community among veterans and their family members may be achieved by applying an integrative approach that goes beyond siloed individual, couple, and group therapy orchestrated by practitioners. Implications We recommend multicomponent interventions that create synergy between different levels and forms of social support. Providers recommended being intentional about the program structure to focus on community strengths and shared connection.
8 Influence of family factors on service members' decisions to leave the military
Influence of family factors on service members' decisions to leave the military
APA Citation:
Woodall, K. A., Esquivel, A. P., Powell, T. M., Riviere, L. A., Amoroso, P. J., & Stander, V. A. (2023). Influence of family factors on service members' decisions to leave the military. Family Relations, 72(3), 1138-1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12757
Focus:
Couples
Parents
Deployment
Branch of Service:
Army
Air Force
Marine Corps
Navy
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Guard
Reserve
Veteran
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Woodall, Kelly A.; Esquivel, Alejandro P.; Powell, Teresa M.; Riviere, Lyndon A.; Amoroso, Paul J.; Stander, Valerie A.
2023
Background Service member retention is a crucial aspect in maintaining and advancing the U.S. military and its mission. To increase retention, it is important to understand why active duty personnel voluntarily leave while they are still highly qualified. For married service members, spouses likely influence the decision to stay or leave military service. Objective The current study used data from the Millennium Cohort Family Study for 4,539 dyads comprising service members and their spouses to investigate family predictors of voluntary military separation. Methods Multivariate mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate the role of military satisfaction (spouse and service member) and work–family conflict as mediators of the effects of both family life and military stressors on risk for military separation, while accounting for spouse and service member demographics. Results Results identified significant family factors operating through work–family conflict and military satisfaction that were associated with increased likelihood of service member voluntary separation, including number of children, spouse bothered by finances, and service member months away from home. Service members with spouses who reported higher levels of social support were significantly less likely to voluntarily separate, after operating through both work–family conflict and military satisfaction. Conclusion and Implications Findings suggest that work–family conflict and military satisfaction play an important synergistic role in predicting the impact family and career factors have on voluntary separation. These modifiable factors may guide potential interventions to increase military retention efforts.
Psychosocial functioning deficits impact and are impacted by suicidal ideation in post-9/11 women veterans
APA Citation:
Lawrence, K. A., Vogt, D., Dugan, A. J., Nigam, S., Slade, E., & Smith, B. N. (2022). Psychosocial functioning deficits impacts and are impacted by suicidal ideation in post-9/11 women veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 9, Article 100361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100361
Focus:
Veterans
Mental health
Branch of Service:
Marine Corps
Air Force
Army
Navy
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Veteran
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
Aged (65 yrs & older)
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Research & Summary
Lawrence, Karen A.; Vogt, Dawne; Dugan, Adam J.; Nigam, Shawn; Slade, Emily; Smith, Brian N.
2022
Women veterans in the United States (U.S.) are known to be at greater risk for suicide than non-veteran women (Hoffmire et al., 2021). Suicidal ideation (SI) is an established early predictor of suicide (Klonsky et al., 2016). Yet, to our knowledge, associations between psychosocial functioning and SI, over time, have not been examined in women veterans. Broadly, psychosocial functioning has been defined with respect to a micro-level context consisting of daily functioning such as in work and family roles as well as a macro-level context comprising the pursuit of life goals and values (Ro and Clark, 2009). The present study is focused on the micro-level context and uses a measure designed to assess micro-level psychosocial functioning in the context of trauma-related psychopathology (Bovin et al., 2018). Aspects of psychosocial functioning have been identified as gender-specific risk factors associated with suicide attempt and death. For example, among post-9/11 service members, female gender was associated with a cluster of risk factors for suicide attempt and death that included presence of a psychiatric diagnosis and prior self-directed violence with an additional risk factor for suicide death being a recent failed intimate relationship (Skopp et al., 2016). In contrast, male gender was associated with a cluster of suicide attempt and death risk factors that were of a more externalizing and antisocial nature (Skopp et al., 2016). Yet, whether psychosocial functioning such as intimate relationship functioning also affects SI in women veterans is unknown. Given that SI is upstream of suicidal behavior in the ideation-to-action framework (Klonsky et al., 2016), understanding associations between psychosocial functioning and SI has implications for prevention of suicidal behavior. Although intimate relationship functioning was identified as a suicide risk factor among women service members, this and other psychosocial functioning domains may warrant attention after military service completion. Reintegrating post-9/11 women veterans are known to be more likely to report negative relationship and family experiences including divorce, relative to veteran men and non-veteran women (Adler-Baeder et al., 2006; Beder et al., 2011; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014). Additionally, women veterans are more likely than veteran men to report being unemployed (Vogt et al., 2017). Therefore, psychosocial functioning, such as work and family functioning, are important factors to consider with respect to women veterans’ mental health and within the context of their readjustment to civilian life after military service completion. The present study extends prior research which showed that PTSD and depression symptom severity are bi-directionally related to psychosocial functioning in women veterans (Lawrence et al., 2021). Our objective in this study was to test the hypothesis that a bi-directional association would exist between SI and work, relationship, and parental domains of psychosocial functioning in women veterans, such that worsening functioning would exacerbate subsequent SI, and changes in SI would also impact subsequent psychosocial functioning.
The impact of military sexual trauma on parent-infant bonding in a sample of perinatal women veterans
APA Citation:
Creech, S. K., Kroll, D. A., Benzer, J. K., Pulverman, C. S., Mattocks, K., & Kroll-Desrosiers, A. (2022). The impact of military sexual trauma on parent-infant bonding in a sample of perinatal women veterans. Depression & Anxiety, 39(3), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23218
Focus:
Children
Deployment
Trauma
Veterans
Parents
Physical health
Mental health
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Coast Guard
Military Affiliation:
Veteran
Population:
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Creech, Suzannah K.; Kroll-Desrosiers, Aimee; Benzer, Justin K.; Pulverman, Carey S.; Mattocks, Kristin
2022
Background The experience of sexual assault and harassment during military service (military sexual trauma [MST]) is associated with increased risk for perinatal and reproductive health problems among women veterans. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between mothers’ MST exposure and mother-infant bonding, as well as to examine whether there are any salient sociodemographic or military service characteristics among women veterans with greater impairment to mother-infant bonding, including stress during pregnancy and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of data collected from prospective, longitudinal study of women veterans using VHA maternity care benefits at 15 VHA medical centers across the US between January 2016 and February 2020. Participants were 697 pregnant veterans using VHA maternity care benefits. Results MST was associated with higher maternal depression, and higher maternal depression was associated with poorer mother-infant bonding. The effect of MST on bonding was indirect through depression. PTSD diagnosis and life stressors during pregnancy also had significant indirect pathways with bonding through maternal depression. Conclusions Results underscore the need for access to high quality and trauma-informed perinatal mental health treatment for women veterans, for education on the unique risks conveyed by MST provided to civilian providers treating this population outside VA, and for further research to understand how to ameliorate the harmful effects of MST on perinatal women veterans and their children.
11 Resilient family: A pilot study of a stress management program for military-connected families
Resilient family: A pilot study of a stress management program for military-connected families
APA Citation:
Sylvia, L. G., Chudnofsky, R., Winklosky, T., Mulzoff, A., Francona, J., Sampson, B., Lynch, E., Xu, B., McCarthy, M. D., Gupta, C., Denninger, J. W., Mehta, D. H., Park, E. R., Ohye, B., Spencer, T., Fricchione, G. L. (2022). Resilient family: A pilot study of a stress management program for military-connected families. Psychiatric Annals, 52(5), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20220506-02
Focus:
Programming
Mental health
Veterans
Physical health
Branch of Service:
Army
Air Force
Navy
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Multiple branches
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Veteran
Population:
Young adulthood (18 - 29 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Thirties (30 - 39 yrs)
Middle age (40 - 64 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Sylvia, Louisa G.; Chudnofsky, Rana; Winklosky, Tricia; Mulzoff, Ariel; Francona, Jacqueline; Sampson, Brianne; Lynch, Elyse; Xu, Bingyu; McCarthy, Megan D.; Gupta, Carina; Denninger, John W.; Mehta, Darshan H.; Park, Elyse R.; Ohye, Bonnie; Spencer, Thomas; Fricchione, Gregory L.
2022
Military service can add stress to military-connected family members, and this stress has been linked to their overall well-being. This study examined the acceptability and explored the effectiveness of a mind-body stress management program for military-connected families and whether it was more effective delivered in person or online. Participants (n = 55; 96% female; Mage = 39.98±10.11) completed assessments of mood, functioning, mindfulness, and coping at pre- and post-program, as well as post-program qualitative feedback surveys. All participants reported that they felt comfortable during the program, and most (>90%) reported that it was helpful and would recommend it for others. Participants experienced significant improvement in stress, depressive symptoms, and self-efficacy (Cohen's d > 0.60). No significant differences in the outcomes for the in-person versus the online program were found. This program, whether delivered online or in person, seems to improve stress, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms in military-connected families.
The relationship between anxiety, coping, and disordered-eating attitudes in adolescent military-dependents at high-risk for excess weight gain
APA Citation:
Solomon, S., Shank, L. M., Lavender, J. M., Higgins Neyland, M. K., Gallager-Teske, J., Markos, B., Haynes, H., Repke, H., Rice, A. J., Sbrocco, T., Wilfley, D. E., Schvey, N. A., Jorgensen, S., Ford, B., Ford, C. B., Haigney, M., Klein, D. A., Quinlan, J., & Tanofsky-Kraff, M. (2023). The relationship between anxiety, coping, and disordered-eating attitudes in adolescent military-dependents at high-risk for excess weight gain. Military Psychology, 35(2), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2083448
Focus:
Mental health
Physical health
Children
Youth
Branch of Service:
Multiple branches
Air Force
Army
Coast Guard
Navy
Military Affiliation:
Active Duty
Population:
School age (6 - 12 yrs)
Adolescence (13 - 17 yrs)
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Research & Summary
Solomon, Senait; Shank, Lisa M.; Lavender, Jason M.; Higgins Neyland, M. K.; Gallager-Teske, Julia; Markos, Bethelhem; Haynes, Hannah; Repke, Hannah; Rice, Alexander J.; Sbrocco, Tracy; Wilfley, Denise E.; Schvey, Natasha A.; Jorgensen, Sarah; Ford, Brian; Ford, Caitlin B.; Haigney, Mark; Klein, David A.; Quinlan, Jeffrey; Tanofsky‐Kraff, Marian
2023
Adolescent military-dependents are an understudied population who face unique stressors due to their parents’ careers. Research suggests tat adolescent military-dependents report more anxiety and disordered-eating than their civilian counterparts. While anxiety symptoms predict the onset and worsening of disordered-eating attitudes, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. One factor that may underlie this relationship, and be particularly relevant for military-dependent youth, is coping. Therefore, we examined adolescent military-dependents (N = 136; 14.5 ± 1.5 years; 59.6% female; BMI-z: 1.9 ± 0.4) who were at-risk for adult obesity and binge-eating disorder due to an age- and sex-adjusted BMI ≥ 85th percentile and loss-of-control eating and/or elevated anxiety. Participants completed an interview assessing disordered-eating attitudes and questionnaires on anxiety symptoms and coping strategies at a single time point. Bootstrapping models were conducted to examine the indirect paths between anxiety symptoms and disordered-eating attitudes through five coping subscales (aggression, distraction, endurance, self-distraction, and stress-recognition). Adjusting for relevant covariates, no significant indirect paths through the coping subscales (ps > .05) were found in any models. General coping, nonspecific to eating, may not be a pathway between anxiety symptoms and disordered-eating attitudes among adolescents. Future research should examine other potential mediators of this relationship.
