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Military REACH Publications
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Military Branch of Service
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Award Winning Publications
1.Life stress, maternal optimism, and adolescent competence in single mother, African American families
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2.Psychological capital, work satisfaction and health self-perception as predictors of psychological wellbeing in military personnel
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3.Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review
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4.Parental acceptance–rejection: A fourth cross-cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children
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5.Associations of coping processes with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in National Guard/Reserve service members deployed during the OEF-OIF era
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6.Comprehensive Soldier Fitness and the future of psychology
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7.Posttraumatic stress disorder, guilt, depression, and meaning in life among military veterans
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8.A postdeployment expressive writing intervention for military couples: A randomized controlled trial
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9.Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: The role of parent—child relational factors
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10.Psychological endurance: How grit, resilience, and related factors contribute to sustained effort despite adversity
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11.Predictors of Psychological Distress Among Post-9/11 Minority Military Veterans
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12.Optimism and positive and negative feelings in parents of young children with developmental delay
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13.Military deployment: The impact on children and family adjustment and the need for care
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14.Clinical health psychology in military and veteran settings: Innovations for the future
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15.Psychological and marital adjustment in couples following a traumatic brain injury (TBI): A critical review
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16.Attachment, coping, and psychological symptoms among military veterans and active duty personnel
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17.Military-related PTSD and intimate relationships: From description to theory-driven research and intervention development
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18.Psychological fitness
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19.An uncontrolled trial of couple HOPES: A guided online couple intervention for PTSD and relationship enhancement
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20.The wellbeing of Italian peacekeeper military: Psychological resources, quality of life and internalizing symptoms
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Research summaries convey terminology used by the scientists who authored the original research article; some terminology may not align with the federal government's mandated language for certain constructs.
Guiding New Families Through Parenthood: The New Parent Support Program
Guiding New Families Through Parenthood: The New Parent Support Program Written by: Kelly Hallauer Edited by: Kate Abbate In military families, everyday stressors can be heightened by factors like deployment or relocation. Having young children or being pregnant can add to these stressors and uncertainty, especially for first time parents. The New Parent Support Program (NPSP) works to help parents balance these stressors and ensure a successful transition through the journey of parenthood (Military OneSource, 2025). This article shares the services the NPSP offers, the needs they address, and how the services can be accessed. Services Offered by the New Parent Support Program The primary goal of the NPSP is to enhance the lives of children and promote their well-being, while offering services and information to make sure families thrive in their role as new parents along with their military lifestyle (Military OneSource, 2025). To meet their goal, the NPSP offers a variety of services to military families to help them balance family and military life. This includes home visits by professionals, such as nurses and social workers, parenting classes, organizing playgroups, and referrals to other resources. Home visits offer an opportunity for parents to ask questions related to behavior management, sleep schedules, breastfeeding, and more, in the privacy of the family’s home. Parenting classes are an interactive way to focus on topics like child growth, managing the demands of parenting, positive discipline, and self-care. Organizing playgroups can help families build their support system within the military community. The NPSP also offers referrals to other resources through the military health care system to ensure that additional benefits are used as needed. These services are essential to the positive impact that the NPSP can have. Mental Health Needs of New Military Families The transition period of pregnancy and childhood can be stressful for new parents, but the NPSP works to counteract this by offering varying methods of support. Pretorius and colleagues (2024) learned that participating in group prenatal care was shown to have a positive effect on a mother’s mental health by giving mothers an opportunity to talk about their stress and feel comforted by peers. The NPSP works to implement this research by offering parenting classes and home visits to discuss these concerns. Pretorius and colleagues (2024) were also interested in learning more about the effects that social support has on infant-mother attachment. Through a literature review, they learned when women perceived they had more social support (e.g., from their partners, peers, family members), they tended to have better perinatal mental health (i.e., up to 6 months after birth) and infant-mother attachment (Pretorius et al., 2024). Social support is offered by the NPSP through the opportunity to organize playgroups and build a military community. The New Parent Support Program also works to support couples during their parenting journey. Roth and colleagues (2024) investigated the relationship between how couples cope (i.e., dyadic coping) and the mother’s pregnancy and transition to parenthood. Overall, dyadic coping was beneficial to both the individual (e.g., quality of life, wellbeing) and the relationship (e.g., marital adjustment). Parenting classes work to help military couples manage the demands of parenting and feel confident in their ability to parent as a cohesive unit. Accessing the New Parent Support Program A 2023 report indicated that there are over 360,000 active-duty military dependents aged five and younger (DoD, 2023). The NPSP is free for these active-duty service members, as well as reservists, and national guard members. The program is available for military families expecting a baby or those who have a child aged three or younger (Navy, Army, Air Force) or a child aged five or younger (Marine Corps). These families are encouraged to participate in the services offered by the NPSP. The New Parent Support Program strives to support military families through a hands-on approach to mental health and stress related issues to promote child well-being and development. Access to the NPSP is based around individual installations, since in-person home visits and resources are provided. Families can enroll in the program through their installations New Parent Support Program office, Family Advocacy Program, or Military and Family Support Center. Families can locate the office of these programs on individual installations from the Programs and Services database provided by Military OneSource. References Jones, M. N. (2024). Military spouses’ perceptions of family stress and resilience during multiple relocations [Ph.D., Walden University]. https://www.proquest.com/docview/3131065353/abstract/CD7B13A4056342FAPQ/1 Military OneSource. (2023). Chapter 5: Active-duty families, dependents. Military OneSource. Chapter 5: Dependents – 2023 Demographics Dashboards Military OneSource. (2025). New Parent Support Program. Military OneSource. Support Programs for New Military Parents | Military OneSource Pretorius, K., Sposato, M. F., & Trueblood-Miller, W. (2024). Perinatal mental health and active- duty military spouses: A scoping review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(1), Article 557. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06727-1 https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-Pretorius2024 Roth, M., Weitkamp, K., Landolt, S. A., & Bodenmann, G. (2024). Couples’ dyadic coping in the context of child-related stressors: A systematic review across three decades. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 13(3), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000237 https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-RothM2022 Wu, S., Kaplan, J., Trautwein, M. L., Nelson, D. A., Duong, A., Woolaway-Bickel, K., …Kurina, L. M. (2024). Incidence and predictors of postpartum depression diagnoses among active-duty U.S. Army soldiers. Journal of Women’s Health, 33(12), 1625–1634. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2023.1010 https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-Wu2024 RIA categories: Military Families Parents Resources Children Programming Research
Forging Bonds: The Importance of Unit Cohesion
Imagine an efficient, well-oiled machine standing against any challenge with unshakable unity - this is steadfast military unit cohesion in action. Unit cohesion is a type of social support defined by how strongly military members feel connected to and supported by their unit (Armistead-Jehle et al., 2011). The concept of unit cohesion can be broken down into two types, peer-to-peer and peer-to-leadership (i.e., horizontal and vertical cohesion, respectively; Siebold & Kelly, 1988). Though they work together to create unit cohesion, it’s important to understand that horizontal and vertical unit cohesion each impact Service members in different ways. As unit cohesion develops, it can have a great impact on Service members’ overall well-being. Specifically, higher levels of unit cohesion were related to the likelihood of Service members having a supportive network for emotional, informational, tangible, and mental health help-seeking needs (Barr et al., 2023). Essentially, close bonds within the unit help Service members build support systems to cope with various challenges of military life. Furthermore, Rugo and colleagues (2020) found that Soldiers who reported greater unit cohesion tended to indicate decreased likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation. In this article, we will explore the elements of both horizontal and vertical unit cohesion and examine their impact on the well-being of Service members. Horizontal Unit Cohesion Horizontal unit cohesion refers to peer-to-peer support within a military unit (i.e., excluding leadership and higher-ranking officials; Campbell-Sills et al., 2022; Siebold & Kelly, 1988). Horizontal unit cohesion has been identified as a protective factor for Service members exposed to combat, such that unit cohesion protects against the harmful effects of combat exposure on Service members’ PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts (Campbell-Sills et al., 2022). These findings mean that having a close, supportive group of peers within a unit can reduce the impact of mental health challenges for Service members at home and abroad. Support networks for Service members highlight the impact of peer connections on mental health, emphasizing how camaraderie and mutual understanding within a unit can alleviate challenges faced by Service members both during and after deployment. The concept of horizontal unit cohesion becomes apparent when thinking about real-life scenarios. Take a look at the fictional Service member, Specialist Davis, who seems to be struggling while on deployment. Specialist Davis finds herself face-to-face with the stress and pressure of combat. Sitting alone, Davis feels reality weighing on her. Noticing Davis’s isolation, Specialist Bradley and a few unit members approach her, not to give orders, but to offer something far more impactful—genuine, peer-to-peer support. They start up a card game at Davis’s table and begin to share their own struggles and vulnerabilities, recounting battle stories and cracking jokes to help ease the emotional tension. This informal, yet earnest conversation provides Davis with a sense of understanding and comfort, lifting some of that heavy emotional burden. Vertical Unit Cohesion Vertical unit cohesion refers to peer-to-leadership support within a military unit, encompassing both leadership and subordinate roles (Campbell-Sills et al., 2022; Siebold & Kelly, 1988). Vertical unit cohesion is invaluable as it fosters a deep sense of trust and mutual respect, both essential for units performing complex and high-pressure assignments. Charbonneau & Wood (2018) found that perceptions of fairness within the unit and the quality of unit leaders serve as important contributors to Service members’ perceptions of unit cohesion. Similar to horizontal unit cohesion, vertical unit cohesion has been shown to buffer the harmful effects of combat exposure on psychological symptoms for Service members (Campbell-Sills, et al., 2022). Beyond mental health, leadership quality in vertical relationships (i.e. peer-to-leadership) is associated with Service members’ overall emotional attachment to the military, which may have consequences for their decision to stay in the military (Charbonneau & Wood, 2018). This concept can be vividly illustrated in the fictional scenario where Sergeant Martinez’s leadership significantly impacts her squad’s morale and cohesion. Sergeant Martinez, leading her squad through a grueling training exercise, notices Private Lee struggling and falls behind. Sensing his exhaustion, she pauses the exercise and gathers the squad for a break and begins to share her own challenging experiences. She encourages the squad to share their worst training exercise and how they survived. As they open up, Lee feels a renewed sense of connection. This informal exchange uplifts his spirits and strengthens his bond with the squad, helping him complete the exercise with renewed determination. Horizontal and vertical unit cohesion work together to create a supportive and resilient military environment. Horizontal cohesion, peer-to-peer support, helps Service members address the psychological challenges of combat and deployment. Vertical cohesion, peer-to-leadership support, builds essential trust and collaboration for success as well as emotional well-being. Together, these forms of cohesion create a strong foundation for military units ensuring that Service members are not only equipped to handle their responsibilities but also receive the support needed to navigate their challenges. References Armistead‐Jehle, P., Johnston, S. L., Wade, N. G., & Ecklund, C. J. (2011). Posttraumatic stress in U.S. marines: The role of unit cohesion and combat exposure. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00063.x Barr, N., Petry, L., Fulginiti, A., Arora, A., Cederbaum, J., Castro, C., & Rice, E. (2023). Who supports the troops? Social support domains and sources in active duty Army networks. Armed Forces & Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X231182907 Campbell-Sills, L., Flynn, P. J., Choi, K. W., Ng, T. H. H., Aliaga, P. A., Broshek, C., Jain, S., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., & Bliese, P. D. (2022). Unit cohesion during deployment and post-deployment mental health: Is cohesion an individual- or unit-level buffer for combat-exposed soldiers? Psychological Medicine, 52(1), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001786 Charbonneau, D., & Wood, V. M. (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of unit cohesion and affective commitment to the army. Military Psychology, 30(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2017.1420974 Rugo, K.F., Leifker, F. R., Drake-Brooks, M. M., Snell, M. B., Bryan, C. J., & Bryan, A. O. (2020). Unit cohesion and social support as protective factors against suicide risk and depression among National Guard service members. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 39(3), 214-228. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.3.214 Siebold, G. L., & Kelly, D. R. (1988). Development of the Combat Platoon Cohesion Questionnaire (Report No. 817). Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA204917.pdf
AMBIGUOUS LOSS AMONG MILITARY FAMILIES
(334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu HOME ABOUT MILITARY REACH LIBRARY UPDATES RESOURCES SEARCH 24 MAY 2024 AMBIGUOUS LOSS AMONG MILITARY FAMILIES By Bri Gordon and Ashtyn Grace KingEditors Kate Abbate Meet Joe, a 14-year-old starting high school soon. He is a very outgoing kid who loves his family and all things sports. He is preparing to receive his learner’s permit and is excited to start driving. However, his dad is getting ready to leave for a year-long deployment. Joe is starting to feel guilty about wanting to learn to drive, because he wants his dad to be in the passenger seat instead of preparing to be across the world. Fast forward two weeks, his dad has just left for deployment overseas. Joe and his mom are getting acclimated to their “new normal” while also getting back into the routine of school, studying, and extracurricular activities. When Joe arrives home from his first day of school, he and his mom sit down to call his dad to catch up. Joe talks about his teachers, the classes he is taking, and how he signed up to try out for the Junior Varsity Golf Team. Before his dad deployed, they used to bond over watching golf and playing together whenever they got the chance. Joe believed that signing up for the team would make him feel as if his dad was still here, but instead it caused him to feel depressed and anxious. Joe would much rather his dad be here physically playing golf with him, rather than telling him about it over the phone. Joe may be experiencing a concept known as ambiguous loss. What is Ambiguous Loss? Ambiguous loss was a theory first conceptualized by Pauline Boss, a family stress researcher (Boss, 1986). She defined ambiguous loss as an individual being physically present but psychologically absent (Boss, 1999). Ambiguous loss was then categorized into two different subtypes: ambiguous absence and ambiguous presence (Boss, 2002). Within a military family, ambiguous absence can occur when a Service member is physically absent but psychologically present, such as on deployment (Faber et al., 2008). Those facing either type of ambiguous loss may experience behavioral changes (e.g., acting out, emotion dysregulation), changes in their mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression), in addition to conflicts in their relationships (Huebner, 2007). Joe is beginning to feel distant from his dad because he is so far away. By the time he returns from deployment, Joe will have his driver’s license and improved in playing golf. Joe gets to tell his dad all about these milestones, but they don’t get to experience them together. This has caused Joe to build resentment towards his dad for not being there for him through these big life events. The opposite of ambiguous absence is ambiguous presence, which is when people are physically present but psychologically absent. For Service members this could occur due to a traumatic brain injury or posttraumatic stress disorder (Boss, 2002). The family member is physically present but might feel as if they are a different person because they are psychologically absent. A year has finally passed, and Joe’s dad is back from his deployment, but he seems distant, causing a change in their relationship. After several nightmares and increased anxiety, his dad was diagnosed with PTSD. Because of potential triggers, his dad tries to avoid large crowds, causing him to be unable to support Joe at his golf tournaments. His dad is also not as interested in golfing together, preferring to stay at home and sleep. This causes Joe to feel angry, spiteful, and discouraged about their relationship. Many military families may face ambiguous loss at some point, and it’s important to understand that it can present itself differently depending on the situation. When trying to navigate something as uncertain as ambiguous loss, it is important to understand what it may look like within your family (and yourself) to properly address and cope with it. Resources on Ambiguous Loss For our family readers: If you or a loved one are experiencing loss, check out these resources to assist in navigating it and/or locating a provider. Military OneSource: Military OneSource provides support and resources to military families who are grieving. If your grief involves ambiguous loss related to the possibility of losing a loved one (e.g., Missing in Action & Prisoner of War), consider reading more about the resources that are available to you. Ambiguous Loss by Everyday Health: This resource provides nine helpful tips on what to do when coping with ambiguous loss within your life. Some of the coping strategies include spending time with others and knowing that your loss is valid. It is also great for those who are interested in reading more information on ambiguous loss. For our practitioner readers: Check out these links to better understand and recognize ambiguous loss within your clientele: The National Council on Family Relations (NCFR) Ambiguous Loss Resources: NCFR provides a collection of resources including links to online media (e.g. webinars, conference recordings, recorded presentations), scholarly articles from NCFR’s journals, articles from NCFR Report magazine, and papers on theory and research development for ambiguous loss. Pauline Boss Publication List on Ambiguous Loss: This resource includes books available for purchase to learn more about ambiguous loss, Dr. Boss’s scholarly publication list, interviews with Dr. Boss throughout her career, and linked media to news and discussion articles about ambiguous loss. RECENT STORIES Related Stories in References Boss, P. (1986). Psychological absence in the intact family: A systems approaches to a study of fathering. Marriage & Family Review, 10(1), 11–39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v10n01_02 Boss, P. (1999). Insights: Ambiguous loss: Living with frozen grief. The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 16 (5), 4-6. Boss, P. (2002). Family stress management: A contextual approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Faber, A. J., Willerton, E., Clymer, S. R., MacDermid, S. M., & Weiss, H. M. (2008). Ambiguous absence, ambiguous presence: A qualitative study of military reserve families in wartime. Journal of Family Psychology, 22 (2), 222–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.222 Huebner, A. J., Mancini, J. A., Wilcox, R. M., Grass, S. A., & Grass, G. A. (2007). Parental deployment and youth in military families: Exploring uncertainty and ambiguous loss. Family Relations, 56(2), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00445.x MOBILIZING RESEARCH, PROMOTING FAMILY READINESS. Our Partners Auburn University University of Georgia Department of Defense US Department of Agriculture 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Military REACH Department of Human Development and Family Sciences (334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu Contact Us Website Feedback Stay Connected with Military REACH These materials were developed as a result of a partnership funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) between the DoD's Office of Military Community and Family Policy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA/NIFA) through a grant/cooperative agreement with Auburn University. USDA/NIFA Award No. 2021-48710-35671. Last Update: March 2024 2017 - 2024 All Right Reserved - Military REACHPrivacy Statement| Accessibility Plan This website uses cookies to improve the browsing experience of our users. Please review Auburn University’s Privacy Statement for more information. Accept & Close
A HIDDEN CRISIS: WOMEN'S POSTPARTUM MENTAL HEALTH
(334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu HOME ABOUT MILITARY REACH LIBRARY UPDATES RESOURCES SEARCH 12 DEC 2023 A HIDDEN CRISIS: WOMEN'S POSTPARTUM MENTAL HEALTH By Haley Sherman & Sheila SjolsethEditors Emily Hanson Although many people might consider sleep deprivation and changing dirty diapers to be the greatest struggles during the first year of having a baby, statistics show that women's postpartum mental health is of greatest concern. In fact, in the first year after a baby is born, "suicide is one of the top five leading causes of maternal death in the United States, accounting for approximately 20% of all maternal deaths" (Pratt et al., 2023, p. 1-2). This statistic does not account for all the mental and physical challenges that arise during pregnancy and before birth. Other perinatal (i.e., the time period before and immediately after childbirth) and postnatal (i.e., a year after the birth otherwise known as 'postpartum') mental health disorders, including postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and postpartum psychosis (Nguyen et al., 2023; Pratt et al., 2023), are rampant - affecting approximately 1 in 7 mothers in the United States (Nguyen et al., 2023). In addition to this severity and the serious nature of perinatal/postpartum mental health concerns, women are not often "treated to remission" meaning that treatment did not last long enough to fully address the mental health concern (Nguyen et al., 2023, p. 78). Further, these statistics may not capture the full extent of postpartum mental health challenges, as many women may have undiagnosed perinatal and postpartum disorders. While the aforementioned statistics are at the national level, mental health challenges among postpartum military women are even more prevalent. Military mothers (i.e., active-duty, dependents, reservists, and retirees) experience mental health conditions almost 3 times more often than civilian mothers (United States Government Accountability Office, 2022; Maternal Mental Health Leadership Alliance, 2023). Statistics on pregnant women from 2017-2019 suggest that approximately 36% of TRICARE active-duty Service members and their dependents received a perinatal (i.e., prenatal and postnatal) mental health diagnosis (United States Government Accountability Office, 2022). Receiving a postpartum depression (PPD) diagnosis increased drastically from 2001 to 2018 such that in 2001 for every 1,000 Servicewomen, 1.96 were diagnosed with PPD whereas in 2018 29.95 Servicewomen were diagnosed with PPD (Nicholson et al., 2020). Additionally, other research has found that although some Veteran mothers experience elevated symptoms of postnatal mental health disorders such as depressive disorder, PTSD, or pregnancy-related anxiety (Goger et al., 2022), they do not meet the established threshold to receive an official diagnosis, potentially limiting their access to resources and treatments needed to thrive during their postnatal period. Further, research suggests that compounding military-specific stressors such as combat deployment experiences, lack of access to maternity care through the Office of Veterans Affairs (VA), stigma around accessing mental health services, and the prevalence of military sexual assault may exacerbate perinatal and postpartum mental health challenges for military-connected women (Nguyen et al., 2023). Although the reality of the hidden crisis of women's perinatal and postpartum health is alarming, it is time to start bringing concerns about postpartum mental health to light, and so, we invite you to join us in a call to action. Call To Action One of the first steps in creating change is by spreading awareness that a crisis exists – we must talk about it! In addition to spreading awareness by talking about maternal mental health challenges, we need to: Normalize that some changes in mood will occur during postpartum, but that major mental health challenges are abnormal and may need to be professionally addressed. Stress the importance of new mothers asking for help, especially helping them understand what mental health symptoms or experiences may require professional support (see the WIC Works Resource System: Resources website as a place to start). Share resources with parents (i.e., both the mother and her partner) to support their parenting journey. Ideas to Take Action All efforts that promote awareness of the maternal health crisis, no matter what size, are needed. Share this article with a friend to start a conversation. Learn how to talk to a new mother experiencing depression and listen to military moms share their birth stories to better understand their experiences. When talking with others about the mental health needs of postpartum women, emphasize the severity of the need and how rates of postpartum difficulties are increasing. Advocate for increased support for military families at your place of employment and in your community with this key fact sheet on Military Maternal Health. Contact your U.S. Representative and Senator and ask for more support for military mothers like increasing paid leave for military parents and to support bills like the Federal Moms Matter Act. Find your U.S. Representative Find your U.S. Senator Support and Resources for Postpartum Servicewomen and Military Families Thankfully there are supports and resources available to help Servicewomen and their families if postpartum difficulties arise (Herrick & Chai, 2023), but we need to do our part to make sure these resources get into the hands of those who need them the most. Postpartum Support International: Help for Military Families The National Maternal Mental Health Hotline can help. Call or text 1-833-TLC-MAMA (1-833-852-6262). This hotline is for mothers as well as healthcare providers and those calling on behalf of someone. Veterans Crisis Line: 1-800-273-TALK (8255), PRESS 1. To chat, use their Crisis Chat. To text, send a text to 838255. Potential Signs of Postpartum Depression Depression in Pregnant Service Members: Three Things Providers Can Do to Help Postpartum depression and anxiety: How to start the conversation USDA Maternal Mental Health Resources NIH Moms' Mental Health Matters USDA Maternal Depression: Everyone can play a role to Help Families Thrive RECENT STORIES Related Stories in References Goger, P., Szpunar, M. J., Baca, S. A., Garstein, M. A., & Lang, A. J. (2022). Predictors of early postpartum maternal functioning among women veterans. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26, 149-155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-03241-0 Herrick, M. S. R., & Chai, W. (2023). Incidence of postpartum depression decreases after initial expansion of military maternity leave. Military Medicine. Article usad354. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usad354 Maternal Mental Health Leadership Alliance. (2023, May 17). Military Mothers Experience Maternal Mental Health Conditions Almost 3 Times More than Civilians. MMHLA Takes Steps to Solve this Issue. Maternal Mental Health Leadership Alliance: MMHLA. https://www.mmhla.org/articles/military-mothers-experience-maternal-mental-health-conditions-almost-3-times-more-than-civilians-mmhla-takes-steps-to-solve-this-issue Nguyen, M. H. (Theresa), Semino-Asaro, S., Reminick, A. M., Rukaj, A. T., & Connelly, C. D. (2023). Barriers to and facilitators of military spouses' recovery from perinatal mental health disorders: A qualitative study. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2022-0067 Nicholson, J. H., Moore, B. A., Dondanville, K., Wheeler, B., & DeVoe, E. R. (2020). Examining the rates of postpartum depression in active duty US military servicewomen. Journal of Women's Health, 29(12), 1530-1539. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2019.8172 Pratt, Alessandra A., Anne G. Sadler, Emily B. K. Thomas, Craig H. Syrop, Ginny L. Ryan, and Michelle A. Mengeling. “Incidence and Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood and Anxiety Disorders among Women Veterans.” General Hospital Psychiatry 84 (2023): 112–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.06.013 United States Government Accountability Office. (2022). Defense health care: Prevalence of and efforts to screen and treat mental health conditions in prenatal and postpartum TRICARE beneficiaries (Report to Congressional Committees GAO-22-105136; pp. 1–54). United States Government Accountability Office. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-105136.pdf MOBILIZING RESEARCH, PROMOTING FAMILY READINESS. Our Partners Auburn University University of Georgia Department of Defense US Department of Agriculture 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Military REACH Department of Human Development and Family Sciences (334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu Contact Us Website Feedback Stay Connected with Military REACH These materials were developed as a result of a partnership funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) between the DoD's Office of Military Community and Family Policy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA/NIFA) through a grant/cooperative agreement with Auburn University. USDA/NIFA Award No. 2021-48710-35671. Last Update: 02/23/2022 2017 - 2024 All Right Reserved - Military REACHPrivacy Statement| Accessibility Plan This website uses cookies to improve the browsing experience of our users. Please review Auburn University's Privacy Statement for more information. Accept & Close
Military Chaplains: Their Vital Role in Our Military
(334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu HOME ABOUT MILITARY REACH LIBRARY UPDATES RESOURCES SEARCH 13 NOV 2023 MILITARY CHAPLAINS: THEIR VITAL ROLE IN OUR MILITARY By Bri GordonEditors Kate Abbate; Erin Cooper The Continental Congress established the first Chaplain Corps in July 1775 by providing one chaplain for every unit in the Continental Army (U.S. Army Chaplain Corps, 2015). Because of this, chaplains can be found wherever Service members are, and they have served with regiments in every American war (Otis, 2009). Chaplains are dedicated spiritual leaders of all religious denominations and provide spiritual support to Service members regardless of their member's religious affiliation. Their responsibilities include providing spiritual guidance, conducting public worship services, leading religious study sessions, and ministering to the wounded and/or dying (Otis, 2009). To gain more insight into the role of chaplains, I connected with Captain (Capt.) Terry Gordon, who conveniently is also my father! A retired Navy chaplain, Capt. Gordon has 30+ years of experience serving Service members and their families. With many tours and deployments both overseas and domestic, he has seen how a chaplain’s roles and responsibilities have evolved over time, especially with the increased awareness of mental health. Although I accompanied him for only about half of his military career, I can attest to how his work impacted the Service members around us and how he grew within his role as a religious leader and counselor. With Capt. Gordon’s help, I gained even more insight into the roles and responsibilities of military chaplains, who has access to their services (and how to seek their services), how chaplains interact with others in the workplace, and some common myths and assumptions. Roles and Responsibilities A chaplain’s responsibilities typically extend beyond roles performed in similar occupations, such as mental health professionals. Chaplains are often used as a source for counseling, and it is typical for Service members with high levels of combat exposure and mental health concerns to seek support from chaplains (Morgan et al., 2016). While the roles of both chaplain’s and mental health professionals are very similar and often overlap, Capt. Gordon highlighted the differences: “Chaplains bring one unique component in, which is purely a faith-based component. Many chaplains have higher education in counseling or social work, however, they’re not there to solely be a counselor but to be an ordained religious leader. Chaplains can be trained in certain counseling techniques, but faith and spirituality counseling is the main focus.” Accessing Chaplain Services Outside of who are military chaplains, how to seek out their services may be the second most commonly asked question. For Service members it’s a bit easier, considering their close proximity and initial contact with a chaplain during their basic training. Capt. Gordon explains: “For service members, it’s easy because there are chaplains in every phase of training upon entering the service. They meet their first chaplain at basic training and will have continued contact with them throughout that training. It is the chaplain's duty to explain their role as their chaplain, and how they and their families can contact them. Outside of training, a Service member and their family should always have ready access to a chaplain throughout their career.” For families, Capt. Gordon explained a process called “deckplate ministry.” This is a Navy term (also known as ‘walking the flight line’ for the Air Force, or ‘walking ministry’ in general) that refers to chaplains walking around their duty-station so Service members and their families can visually see them, and it provides an opportunity to talk. Capt. Gordon also emphasized the importance of chaplains participating in family programs. Chaplains can continue walking ministry at these events and informally meet with them in a relaxed atmosphere and provide them with resources as needed. Collaborative Model Approach to Treatment A collaborative model (i.e., the process of referring someone in need to other mental health professionals and working together as professionals to provide care) is a practice that many chaplains and military mental health professionals incorporate. Because chaplains serve alongside Service members and are in close proximity with them, they are naturally the first in line for providing support for mental health concerns (Howard & Cox, 2008). This may be because chaplains can build a trusting relationship with their unit members more easily. Chaplains provide initial services and refer Service members to trained mental health professionals when needed (Besterman-Dahan et al., 2012). Successful collaborative models include close collaboration between chaplains and mental health professionals from initial patient contact through termination of services (Howard & Cox, 2008). Capt. Gordon emphasized the importance of this model, saying: “Chaplains are there to compliment the counselor. Many chaplains will try to foster a solid relationship with the unit’s counselor [and] use it as a complimentary resource. If there’s something out of the scope of a chaplain’s abilities or vice versa, both sides should be able to use each other. A chaplain can pray for anybody, but a chaplain's counseling may not be enough compared to a professional counselor's technique.” Common Myths and Assumptions As is the case with many services, there are some common assumptions about military chaplains. Capt. Gordon has busted common myths throughout his career, the most common being that chaplain services are only available to a Service member: “That’s not true, we’re available to anyone who carries a military ID card. Could be a spouse, a dependent, a contractor; as long as you have a Department of Defense ID card, you will have access to our services.” Additionally, one barrier to accessing mental health services seen within the military is fear that mental health providers will disclose private client information, and that a Service member’s ability to progress in their career may be obstructed (Evans, 2021). Ethical standards involving confidentiality within mental health disciplines ensure the protection of clients’ privacy by not disclosing their personal information or therapy contents to others (American Psychological Association, 2017). However, Service member mental health care information may be revealed to commanders if one or more of the following criteria is met (Evans, 2021): 1. “Threats to personal or public safety (harm to self/others), harm to mission, or deployment readiness 2. Acute medical conditions that interfere with duty, including inpatient psychiatric hospitalization and substance abuse treatment 3. Judicial, law enforcement, and administrative proceedings; special sensitive personnel; or specialized government functions 4. Personnel accountability” Chaplains on the other hand maintain “absolute confidentiality.” Capt. Gordon explained absolute confidentiality, saying: “Our confidentiality by law is absolute. This is because of the sacramental right of some faith traditions that confessions made in religious repentance are kept in total confidence with the chaplain. It’s an official policy and military law. There should always be someone a Service member can talk to without fear of repercussion. It is a powerful tool and ensures people are getting the help they need, and fixing problems before they become huge problems.” It is important to note that chaplains are equipped to maintain absolute confidentiality while still ensuring the safety of all the parties involved. For example, if a Service member plans to harm themselves, their chaplain can encourage them to seek services to improve their wellbeing. Additionally, their chaplain can continue to meet with the Service member until they are receptive to meeting with a mental health professional. A Chaplain's Presence and Impact Despite these negative assumptions about meeting with chaplains, there are many positive assumptions people have about the Chaplain Corps. While it can be easy to find the flaws within a system, Capt. Gordon still had a lot of good to say about his Corps: “A good assumption is ‘the chaplain is always there.’ There should always be a chaplain in every forward deployed unit, no matter what size. A good chaplain will boost morale and aid in lowering mental health problems. People assume we’re just spiritual folks, we’re just there to pray and we provide nothing else for the unit. Obviously, that’s not true. When a chaplain walks into a room, it brings a spiritual consciousness and a sense of the presence of the divine. It gets people thinking, and back to a reality that’s more than just a ‘warrior ethos’. We bring a sense of humanity back into the soldier. We’re there to keep the balance so they don’t lose sight of who they are as people. It’s a very good thing.” Chaplains continue to play a vital role in our military today. Whether performing religious services, mentoring Service members, or being advocates for Service members and their families’ wellbeing, it is safe to assume that chaplains are dedicated to improving our Service member and their families lives, and therefore the military, every day. To learn more about chaplain services or how to find a chaplain at your installation, check out Military OneSource guide, “The unit chaplain: Roles and responsibilities”. RECENT STORIES Related Stories in References American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code Besterman-Dahan, K., Gibbons, S. W., Barnett, S. D., & Hickling, E. J. (2012). The role of military chaplains in mental health care of the deployed service member. Military Medicine, 177(9), 1028–1033. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00071 Evans, C. (2021). Confidentiality, chaplains, and the military. Military Health System. https://health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Centers-of-Excellence/Psychological-Health-Center-of-Excellence/Clinicians-Corner-Blog/Confidentiality-Chaplains-and-the-Military Howard, M. D., & Cox, R. P. (2008, April). Collaborative intervention: A model for coordinated treatment of mental health issues within a ground combat unit. Military Medicine, 173(4), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.173.4.339 Morgan, J. K., Hourani, L., Lane, M. E., & Tueller, S. (2016). Help-seeking behaviors among active-duty military personnel: Utilization of chaplains and other mental health service providers. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 22(3), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2016.1171598 Otis, P. (2009). An overview of the U.S. military chaplaincy: A ministry of presence and practice. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 7(4), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2009.9523410 U.S. Army Chaplain Corps. (2015, January 28). The Army Historical Foundation. https://armyhistory.org/u-s-army-chaplain-corps/ MOBILIZING RESEARCH, PROMOTING FAMILY READINESS. Our Partners Auburn University University of Georgia Department of Defense US Department of Agriculture 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Military REACH Department of Human Development and Family Sciences (334) 844-3299 MilitaryREACH@auburn.edu Contact Us Website Feedback Stay Connected with Military REACH These materials were developed as a result of a partnership funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) between the DoD's Office of Military Community and Family Policy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA/NIFA) through a grant/cooperative agreement with Auburn University. USDA/NIFA Award No. 2021-48710-35671. Last Update: 02/23/2022 2017 - 2022 All Right Reserved - Military REACHPrivacy Statement| Accessibility Plan
Theory Series: Social Organization Theory of Action and Change
Theory Series: Social Organization Theory of Action and Change By: Emily Hanson This month, Military REACH continues the Theory Series, by diving into the social organization theory of action and change (Mancini & Bowen, 2013). We will provide an overview of the model and provide context for how military families and communities can benefit from its implementation. Overview: Social Organization Theory of Action and Change The social organization theory of action and change (Mancini & Bowen, 2009, 2013; Mancini et al., 2018) is a framework used to identify the processes (i.e., creating shared responsibility and trust to support communities) and antecedents (i.e., networks and resources that are available and currently established in the community) required to promote community capacity. Community capacity is the extent to which community resources are leveraged to solve problems, maintain well-being, and foster resilience, and is composed of two essential elements: collective competence and shared responsibility. When a community is collectively competent, it demonstrates the ability to mobilize resources and embrace opportunities to address families’ needs. Likewise, communities must also exhibit a shared responsibility; that is, a genuine care for one another and willingness to offer help. To achieve collective competence and shared responsibility, certain structures must be in place to facilitate social connection and achieve resilience. Social Organization and Change Model (Mancini & Bowen, 2009) Community conditions and characteristics, or the physical and social infrastructure are important antecedents to adequately address community needs. It is not simply the existence of these structures, though, that build community capacity; ideally, these structures are created intentionally with the community in mind. The physical infrastructure (e.g., safe roads for travel, places to gather) should serve to facilitate social processes which, in turn, create support networks (e.g., relationships with friends, social service programs) for individuals and families. Implications for Military Families and Communities Approximately 70% of military families live in civilian communities (Sonethavilay, 2019) and move, on average, every 2-3 years (Office of People Analytics, 2023). This transitional nature can disrupt social connection (O’Neal et al., 2016; O’Neal et al., 2020); however, when families can establish a sense of community in both a military and civilian context, there are greater opportunities for support. Communities can best support military families when they are collectively competent; that is, communities have infrastructure and resources that are sensitive to military family needs. This means creating partnerships and programs with military families in mind. Communities: Building culturally sensitive resources Establish multidisciplinary partnerships. Military families can benefit from connections with both the military and civilian community (Akin et al., 2020). Multidisciplinary and collaborative partnerships are beneficial to community capacity because they combine respective strengths to achieve a shared vision. For example, • The Department of Defense Military Spouse Employment Partnership connects military spouses with corporate and non-profit organizations that have committed to hire, promote, and retain military spouses. • The 4-H Military Partnership is a collaboration between the military and land grant universities to provide military families with learning opportunities, mentorship, and other activities. Incorporate military cultural competence into service delivery. While not all families are the same, military families do have common shared experiences such as deployment, spouse unemployment, and school transitions after relocation. Helping professionals may not know they are serving military families, so it is important to identify them in order to provide tailored solutions and in turn, develop more trust and participation. For example, • The Star Behavioral Health Providers program connects military families with therapists who have completed training on military culture. • The Military Child Education Coalition provides a two-day professional development course for individuals working with military-connected children (e.g., guidance counselors, school nurses, social workers). This course teaches participants how to best support military-connected children and bolster resilience in response to military-specific stressors. Military Families: Achieving a sense of community Take advantage of community resources to cultivate social support, connection, and integration. Military families should feel like they can turn to civilian social networks, programs, and organizations for support. When these resources are made with military families in mind, social connections are more easily developed and can help bolster families’ resilience. By building a sense of community, Service members and their families can achieve not only a sense of meaning and purpose (Jetten et al., 2017), but also long-term psychological well-being (O’Neal et al., 2016). • Seek out events that connect military families to one another as well as the larger community. Help new families navigate community resources once you’re settled. When military families can fully participate in their community, they develop a sense of community and shared responsibility, which can lead to a reciprocal relationship in which they help to further these support networks and help future families. Although it is important to integrate into the civilian community, the shared culture among military families is powerful and can help protect against stressors and challenges (Conforte et al., 2017). • Apply to be a sponsor for incoming families to help them adjust to the community. The social organization theory of action and change serves as a useful guide to identifying community strengths as well as gaps in services. Communities can use this framework to create or enhance partnerships that address military families’ needs and establish opportunities for social connection. When opportunities for connection exist, families can take advantage of them, feel a sense of belonging within the community, and reciprocate this benefit to others. References Conforte, A. M., Bakalar, J. L., Shank, L. M., Quinlan, J., Stephens, M. B., Sbrocco, T., & Tanofsky-Kraff, M. (2017). Assessing military community support: Relations among perceived military community support, child psychosocial adjustment, and parent psychosocial adjustment. Military Medicine, 182(9–10), 1871–1878. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00016 Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Cruwys, T., Greenaway, K. H., Haslam, C., & Steffens, N. K. (2017). Advancing the social identity approach to health and well-being: Progressing the social cure research agenda. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2333 Mancini, J. A. & Bowen, G. L. (2009). Community resilience: A social organization theory of action and change. In J. A. Mancini & K. A. Roberto (Eds.), Pathways of human development: Explorations of change (pp. 245–265). Lexington Books. Mancini, J. A., & Bowen, G. L. (2013). Families and communities: A social organization theory of action and change. In G. W. Peterson & K. R. Bush (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 781–813). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3987-5_32 Mancini, J. A., O’Neal, C. W., Martin, J. A., & Bowen, G. L. (2018). Community social organization and military families: Theoretical perspectives on transitions, contexts, and resilience. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(3), 550–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12271 Office of People Analytics. (2023). Results from the 2021 Active Duty Spouse Survey (ADSS). Department of Defense. https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Presentations/2021-active-duty-spouse-overview-briefing.pdf O’Neal, C. W., Mancini, J. A., & DeGraff, A. (2016). Contextualizing the psychosocial well-being of military members and their partners: The importance of community and relationship provisions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 58(3–4), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12097 O’Neal, C. W., Richardson, E. W., & Mancini, J. A. (2020). Community, context, and coping: How social connections influence coping and well-being for military members and their spouses. Family Process, 59(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12395 Sonethavilay, H., Akin, J. L., Strong, J. D., Maury, R. V., Linsner Uveges, R., Hunt, K., Preston Page, A., & Pierce, L. (2019). Blue Star Families 2019 military family lifestyle survey: Comprehensive report. Blue Star Families. https://bluestarfam.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/BSF-2019-Survey-Comprehensive-Report-Digital-rev200305.pdf
PURPLE HEART DAY
August 7th is Purple Heart Day – a day to honor the ~1.8 million Purple Heart recipients (United States Mint, 2022). The Purple Heart has origins as the oldest medal in the U.S. military and is awarded to members of the Armed Forces who have been injured or killed due to an enemy attack/action (Veteran.com, 2022). Additionally, it is special because it is an entitlement, meaning people receive it when they meet the basic criteria versus others requiring them to be nominated by their superior officer (Miller, 2010). This article will review a brief history of the Purple Heart and discuss ways in which we can honor the recipients. \n\n #### History of the Purple Heart \n\n According to The National WWII Museum and the National Purple Heart Hall of Honor, the Purple Heart began as the Badge of Military Merit. It was established in 1782 because George Washington wanted to “cherish virtuous ambitions in his [enlisted] soldiers.” Receiving this metal was considered a high honor throughout the American Revolution, and only three individuals were documented to have received it. However, following the war, it wasn’t spoken about again until 1932, when it was renamed the Purple Heart. This rebranding was likely intended to honor the original design of the Badge of Military Merit which was a “figure of a heart in purple cloth or silk edged with narrow lace or binding” (Virginia War Memorial Foundation, n.d.). \n\n #### How Can We Honor Purple Heart Recipients? \n\n Purple Heart Day, August 7th, is a time when our nation pauses to recognize the service and sacrifice of those who have received a Purple Heart. On this day, you may see various military organizations hold remembrance for their fallen heroes and give special thanks to the recipients. So, what can you do to honor these Service members and Veterans? You can… \n* Offer a moment of silence and gratitude for those who died of injuries obtained while protecting our country. \n* Create a safe space for recipients to discuss their experiences and needs. This will allow them to recognize the people in their life who support and care about their wellbeing. \n* Donate your time or contribute to military foundations you resonate with, such as the Purple Heart [Foundation](https://purpleheartfoundation.org/). \n\n Thank you to those who have served and a special thank you this month to those who received a Purple Heart. \n\n##### References \n* Hobfoll S. E., & Lilly R. S. (1993). Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128–148. [https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199304)21:2<128::AID-JCOP2290210206>3.0.CO;2-5](https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199304)21:2<128::AID-JCOP2290210206>3.0.CO;2-5 )\n* Institute of Medicine of The National Academies. (2013). Returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. [https://doi.org/10.17226/13499](https://doi.org/10.17226/13499 )\n* Segal, M. W., & Harris, J. J. (1993). What we know about army families. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA271989](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA271989)\n* Trail, T. E., Meadows, S. O., Miles, J. N., & Karney, B. R. (2017). Patterns of vulnerabilities and resources in U.S. military families. Journal of Family Issues, 38 (15), 2128–2149. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15592660](https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15592660)\n* U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2022). Special education: DOD programs and services for military-dependent students with disabilities. [https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-105015.pdf](https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-105015.pdf)
Moral Injury: What Is It and How Can Professionals Assist?
Moral Injury: What Is It and How Can Professionals Assist? Lily Annino, Undergraduate Research Assistant Imagine you’re a Service member. Your commanding officer has reason to believe that certain civilians are making bombs at home and will use them against the public. Your unit is tasked with breaking in and finding the bombs. Entering the home is necessary to the mission – but you’ve been told your entire life that breaking into a person’s home is wrong and a violation of their privacy (not to mention against the law). However, you have a mission to fulfill. So, you break in, regardless of your inhibitions. The above scenario is one example of an event that could lead to moral injury. Moral injury is any act, whether perpetrated or witnessed, that may conflict with personal morals or beliefs (Douglas, 2022). While we often think of this conflict in the context of war, other examples of potential moral injury include abuse, rape, and violence (Moral Injury Project, n.d.). And although moral injury may have lasting effects on someone’s life (Litz et al., 2009), it’s still a concept of which many people aren’t fully aware. This article will explain moral injury and discuss some ways that mental health professionals can help Service members and Veterans work through issues related to it. Moral injury is more common than we realize among Service members and Veterans, and it can lead to negative outcomes, such as co-occurring PTSD (Maguen et al., 2022). In one study, 41.8% of veterans reported experiencing at least one form of moral injury; the majority had been betrayed by others or suffered a transgression (Wisco et al., 2017). Dealing with extreme levels of guilt and regret without understanding what you’re going through can be confusing. At the same time, being able to talk to your provider about what you’re dealing with and learning that it’s not abnormal are helpful for Service members (Douglas, 2022). Professionals familiar with the concept of moral injury and with therapeutic approaches that focus on acceptance and self-forgiveness can be beneficial for people working through the effects of moral injury (Maguen & Norman, 2022). Find the best therapist for you. Finding a therapist is like test-driving a car – it’s okay to take your time finding the best fit. It’s important for you to express your experiences freely without having to constantly explain details (e.g., defining acronyms, describing job-specific duties) that are well-known to those in the service (Douglas, 2022). Seek out a therapist who understands military culture and your unique experience as a Service member or Veteran. Connect with your chaplain. Therapists and counselors are trained to help Service members work through moral injury. In addition, military chaplains (i.e., U.S. military’s educated, religious leaders who provide services to Service members and their families) will talk with you regardless of your faith or beliefs. Chaplains combine their knowledge of military culture with their own resource awareness to help those in need. Connecting with a chaplain could benefit you during your healing process. Surround yourself with your support system. According to Chesnut and colleagues, moral injury can lead to the potential impairment of social well-being, social support, and social relationships (Chesnut et al., 2020). Re-engaging with your communities, friends, and family, and increasing your social support may help you in your struggle with moral injury. Moral injury is difficult to deal with due to its negative psychological effects. Nonetheless, there are ways to work through the challenges – such as receiving mental health services – and continue moving forward. If you feel you may be struggling with decisions your service requires of you, surround yourself with your support system and know that there are trained professionals who can help you work through these emotions. To continue learning about moral injury, check out the Military REACH library and access current research summaries, reports, and other educational resources, released monthly. References Chesnut, R. P., Richardson, C. B., Morgan, N. R., Bleser, J. A., Perkins, D. F., Vogt, D., …. Finley, E. (2020). Moral injury and social well-being: A growth curve analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(4), 587-597. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22567 Douglas, C. V. (2022). A phenological study and investigation of moral Injury with veterans. [Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University]. Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/3722 Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003 Maguen, S., Griffin, B., Copeland, L., Perkins, D., Richardson, C., Finley, E., & Vogt, D. (2022). Trajectories of functioning in a population-based sample of veterans: Contributions of moral injury, PTSD, and depression. Psychological Medicine, 52(12), 2332-2341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004249 Maguen, S., & Norman, S. B. (2022). Moral Injury. National Center for PTSD. 33(1), 1-9. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/publications/rq_docs/V33N1.pdf The Moral Injury Project. (n.d.). What is moral injury? Syracuse University. https://moralinjuryproject.syr.edu/about-moral-injury/the-moral-injury-project/ Wisco, B. E., Marx, B. P., May, C. L., Martini, B., Krystal, J. H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). Moral injury in U.S. combat veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Depression and Anxiety, 34, 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22614
YOU'RE VALUED, TOO: OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF MILITARY SPOUSAL EMPLOYMENT
One of the ongoing obstacles that military spouses face is employment — or the lack thereof. According to the Office of People Analytics’ (OPA) Active Duty Spouse Survey, 21% of active-duty spouses were unemployed in 2021, which is almost 6 times higher than the U.S. national average (3.4%; U.S. Department of Labor, 2023). Many military-related stressors (e.g., frequent relocations, spousal deployments) can contribute to high unemployment rates and underemployment (i.e., overqualified or working less than desired) for military spouses. Research shows that women who are married to an active-duty Service member and either do not have a college degree or have experienced relocation in the past year are more likely to be unemployed (Lara-Cinisomo et al., 2020). This piece will tackle biases and barriers associated with military spousal employment, discuss how employment can boost personal well-being, describe the skills and assets that spouses can bring to the workplace, and emphasize just how valuable military spouses can be as employees. Biases and Barriers to Military Spousal Employment There is a running list of obstacles preventing adequate employment for military spouses. For example, Godier-McBard and colleagues (2020) found that many civilian employers in the U.K. consider the military an inflexible organization and believe that hiring a military spouse may create challenges for their organization. Frequent relocations are an additional barrier that could disrupt the natural progression of a spouse’s career, especially if a job is not easily transferable (Lim & Schulker, 2010). In addition, a 2006 study found that a majority of military wives in the labor force tended to be underemployed (49%), and only 11% were adequately employed (Lim & Schulker, 2010). Of those 49%, over one-third were underemployed due to an educational mismatch (i.e., overqualification) (Lim & Schulker, 2010). These unfair barriers may be explained by the lack of standardization across states, especially regarding licensure. To give just one example, 35% of military spouses work in a field requiring licensure (e.g., nursing, dental hygiene; U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Department of Defense, 2012). Specifically related to the nursing field, researchers found even after receiving access to information on topics such as state-specific licensing requirements and license maintenance, the lack of unified information resulted in confusion and frustration (Brannock & Bradford, 2021). License portability is another barrier for military spouses regarding continued employment. Because many practicing licenses (e.g., medical, mental health, attorney/lawyer, education) are issued only for the state in which one resides, military spouses are at a disadvantage due to frequent military-related relocations. Transferring a license to a new state or country takes time and effort: requirements may include several months’ time, multiple forms of documentation, and application fees, which can add up quickly if you move often (Tidwell, 2020). However, Congress has taken steps to address this issue by introducing the Comforting Our Military Families through On-base or Remote Treatment Act ( COMFORT Act). If passed, the COMFORT Act will allow for the coordination of programs within the Department of Defense such that those who maintain a non-medical license (e.g., counselors, psychologists, mental health professionals) can provide service anywhere in the U.S. (Goodale, 2021). The Act would increase employment opportunities for spouses while simultaneously meeting the need for more military mental health service providers. While it only applies to those who maintain a non-medical license, the COMFORT Act could be an excellent reference point to increase the portability of other types of licensure for military spouses. Benefits of Employment The importance of employment opportunities for military spouses cannot be understated. Employment seems to buffer military spouses against some military-related stressors, like deployment or relocation, and provide a valuable sense of self and contribution (Huffman et al., 2021). According to Kremer and colleagues (2021), employed individuals can experience: Greater life satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment Daily structure Frequent and consistent social interactions that can help build a sense of community The emotional satisfaction that comes with meaningful contributions to society Skills Military Spouses Bring to the Workforce Julie Anne, a now-retired military spouse, explained that she gained the “ability to adapt to almost any situation and find normalcy in chaotic/unfamiliar situations or places,” during her time as a military spouse (White, 2021). Military spouses are adaptable, finding ways to thrive in a variety of occupational settings (Bradbard et al., 2016). Military spouses have a plethora of skills that can be useful in any position, such as being team oriented, having the ability to find normalcy amidst the chaos, and successfully being able to engage across cultures. Most military spouses experience separation from friends and family, frequent relocations, and spousal deployments – but common experiences like these teach them to adapt quickly to whatever gets thrown their way. Military spouses are also team-oriented, a trait that largely matches the way military infrastructure runs: through camaraderie and mutual support. The nature of military life, with its frequent relocations, means that spouses and their families are exposed to a variety of different cultures. They have the potential to be among some of the most socially aware people you will ever meet (Bradbard et al., 2016), and their experiences in cross-cultural engagement are an asset in the workplace. Employment Resources for Military Spouses Although the biases of and barriers to military spousal employment are frequently recognized, leaders and policy makers are actively working to bridge the gap. Below are a few resources to help alleviate them: Military Spouse Education & Career Opportunities (MySECO) is a Department of Defense (DoD)-sponsored resource that provides educational and career guidance to military spouses, as well as tools and resources related to career exploration, education, training, licensing, and readiness. The Military Spouse Employment Partnership (MSEP) connects military spouses to employers dedicated to recruiting, hiring, and maintaining military spouse employees. The U.S. Department of Labor offers a comprehensive list of resources on licensing, employment, and available training for military spouses on their journey to find and maintain employment. My Career Advancement Account (MyCAA) offers financial assistance to eligible military spouses seeking to pursue or maintain a license, certification, or associate degree. The Military Spouse Career Connection at Walmart seeks to hire military spouses at Walmart and Sam’s Club. They also provide career counselors for the best job fit within their system. The Military Spouse and Family Educational Assistance Programs provide information on scholarships for military spouses seeking education. The programs offer Veterans Affairs scholarships, state benefits, private scholarships, and more. The Society of Military Spouses in STEM (SMSS) is a member-run organization focused on helping military spouses find careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.
REFLECTIONS AND PREVENTIONS FOR CHILD ABUSE AWARENESS MONTH
Being a parent is hard and comes with many challenges. Children misbehave because they often have difficulty following directions, and they may push their parents’ buttons to get what they want. It’s important for parents and caretakers to put support in place (e.g., a go-to person who can help when needed) to ensure they can raise their children in a healthy, effective way regardless of the challenges they face. When parents’ actions harm their child emotionally or physically, they are committing child abuse (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). And while child abuse is on the decline, it’s still a pervasive problem in the United States today (Children’s Bureau, 2020). This article will discuss a few contexts in which child abuse can occur, stress management suggestions for parents, and available resources for child abuse prevention, specifically within the military. Understanding Child Abuse Children who experience abuse can suffer long-term effects on their physical and mental health, such as depression, anxiety, and chronic health conditions (Maschi et al., 2013). Research and social learning theory (i.e., modeling behaviors observed in one’s environment; McMillen & Rideout, 1996) show that child abuse often occurs within a family cycle: if you have experienced abuse yourself, you are more likely to abuse as a parent (Morgan et al., 2022). Similarly, children who see fewer examples of emotional regulation from their parents or caregivers will have fewer opportunities to learn such skills and become more likely to perpetuate the cycle (Osborne et al., 2021). In addition to the role of generational abuse, the challenges that new parents face also can also contribute. Parenthood is stressful enough, but the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated how compounding stress affects families. The pandemic heightened stressors for parents, but their typical resources (e.g., daycare, school), perceptions (e.g., thoughts about how a stressful event may affect their family), and coping strategies (e.g., creating positive meaning, social support) were less effective, which, in turn, increased child maltreatment (Wu & Xu, 2020). When parents have reduced coping skills and a decreased ability to regulate their own emotions, their children can be less likely to develop the same skills (Osborne et al., 2021). Additionally, parents with maltreatment histories themselves often struggled with regulating their emotions then passed the struggles to their children (Osborne et al., 2021), in turn hindering an effective coping skill these children might use when experiencing stress as an adult. How to Cope Identifying healthier coping skills and means of emotional regulation (e.g., not holding onto anger) can be one way for parents to improve their well-being and limit opportunities for abuse. Some potential coping skills are: Creating a community for social support Talking with other parents about their coping skills Taking relaxation breaks (e.g., deep breathing, listening to music), even if only for 5 minutes Asking for help (e.g., with errands, babysitting) from community and friends Finding and using professional support when stress begins to pile up or when parents can no longer manage their stressors alone (APA, 2011). Prevention Efforts and Resources for Military Communities Just like civilian populations, military families can experience child abuse, and may even perpetrate it. Thankfully, the military has developed programs to support families and children experiencing abuse. One such program is the Family Advocacy Program (FAP), which works to prevent abuse and provide treatment for those affected by abuse. FAP also supports military families and connects them to local resources. Another program for Service members and their families is the After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) program. At-risk families can use this program to build resilience, strengthen emotional regulation, and improve overall family well-being. The ADAPT program (which has been researched extensively) seeks to improve family functioning by teaching core parenting skills, such as teaching through encouragement, problem-solving, and emotional socialization. The New Parent Support Program assists military parents and expecting parents with transitioning into parenthood and developing a nurturing home. The program’s goal is to help parents build strong, healthy bonds with their children and manage the demands of parenting within the context of the military and its already-stressful job demands (e.g., deployment). Support and Resources for Those Who Have Experienced Abuse Having community support is essential to creating a buffer between oneself and the negative outcomes of child abuse. We know that experiencing abuse can lead to repeating the cycle with a child’s future family; however, there are also protective factors predictive of greater long-term psychological well-being for children (Siddiqui, 2015). Examples of such factors include receiving love from siblings or people outside of the family and participating in activities outside the home (e.g., school sports). These experiences can heighten a child’s sense of social support (Fasihi Harandi et al., 2017) and self-esteem (Liu et al., 2021). If you or your loved one experienced childhood abuse and still struggle with its effects, know that you are not alone. Below is a list of resources to help improve your well-being. Suicide & Crisis Line – 988 (https://988lifeline.org/) Child Help (https://childhelphotline.org/) MilParent Power ToolKit (https://www.militaryonesource.mil/parenting/children-youth-teens/milparent-power-toolkit/) Child Abuse Report Line for Military Families (877-790-1197 + 571-372-5348) It is important that we find healthy ways of coping with our stress so we can be positive role models for our children and families. If you need help coping, look within your community for mental health support programs or parenting classes (APA, 2008). Helping professionals should stay on top of reporting requirements and help their families create safe, loving environments for their children (APA, 2008). We still have a long way to go in preventing and limiting child abuse cases – ultimately, though, prevention starts with us.
THERAPY: WHERE DO I EVEN BEGIN?
Starting therapy – even thinking about it – can be overwhelming. How do I find a therapist? Do I want to do individual therapy, or family therapy? With my busy schedule, how will I find time to attend sessions? All of these are valid questions that come up for people about to begin their therapeutic journey. This article will guide you through the process by explaining words and phrases often seen in therapists’ online profiles, describing common provider types, offering suggestions for finding a provider, and describing what to expect when your sessions begin. In addition, we will debunk common therapy stereotypes. Therapeutic Words and Phrases on Profiles Two therapy-related terms you may see or hear on provider profiles (e.g., Psychology Today), are counseling and psychotherapy. Often, these terms are used interchangeably, but there are differences between the two. Counseling’s traditional focus is on a specific issue and its intention is to address a particular problem (e.g., stress management). Counseling can also include developing coping strategies or problem solving for different situations. By contrast, psychotherapy is a longer-term approach to therapy and dives deeper into the underlying processes of a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Psychotherapy can address multiple problems simultaneously and is often used for diagnosis and the management of various mental health diagnoses, such as depression or anxiety (Sailing, 2021). You may also see providers mention theoretical orientation, which is how a therapist approaches their work and how they perceive their clients’ challenges (Sailing, 2021). For example, some theoretical orientations focus on early childhood experiences and relationships with parents, while others focus on the thoughts, behaviors, and emotions related to your current concerns. Theoretical orientations that you may see on profiles include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), person-centered therapy, or a psychodynamic approach. Therapists who mention using a holistic perspective may adjust their approach based on the needs of a given client. Common Provider Types When searching for a therapist, it is important to understand the differences between the types of providers. Licensed Professional Counselors, Licensed Clinical Social Workers, Psychologists, Psychiatrists, and Marriage and Family Therapists can all provide therapy, but their training and overall approach may differ. Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC) and Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSW) are mental health professionals with at least a master’s degree in psychology, counseling, or social work. Upon graduation, they work in a clinical setting (e.g., counseling center) to accrue additional training focused on treatment, after which they take a licensing exam. LPCs and LCSWs are qualified to provide counseling to evaluate and treat mental health concerns for children and adults. Beyond this qualification, LCSWs also have the opportunity to engage in additional advanced training and receive their doctorate degree, at which point they become DCSWs (Doctor of Clinical Social Work). Psychologists have a doctoral degree in psychology focusing on the study of the mind and behavior. After graduate school they must complete a lengthy internship for additional training in treatment and theories. Psychologists can evaluate and treat mental illnesses through various assessments, clinical interviews, psychotherapy, and counseling. Based on their training and experience, psychologists can provide individual services to children and adults, or groups. A Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of mental illnesses through the use of medications. Typically, the goal of seeing a psychiatrist is to understand and adjust medications and discuss how the medications are addressing symptoms. Often, psychiatrists do not conduct psychotherapy with their clients; instead, psychiatric visits are combined with sessions with a counselor or psychologist. Marriage and Family Therapists (MFT) earn a master’s degree to treat a wide range of clinical problems and specialize in work with couples and families. Their form of treatment is typically brief, solution-focused, and based on specific, attainable goals a couple can work to meet. The focus of an MFT’s psychotherapy is family systems – which can mean having family attending therapy together – and often addresses mental health within those systems. Suggestions for Finding a Provider Finding a provider or a therapy style that works for you is like test-driving a car, and you shouldn’t feel obliged to go with the first car you tested out. One way to find a provider is by reviewing profiles on websites like Psychology Today or Inclusive Therapist. Providers’ profiles will typically include the presenting concerns in which they specialize (e.g., children, LGBTQ+), their training, and even the insurance they accept. Another option for finding a therapist is to consult with family and friends who have been to therapy. Personal stories and referrals can be a great way to find the right therapist for you. Consulting with your medical provider, with whom you have an established relationship, is another way to find local providers in your area. It’s worth noting that sometimes a profile sounds great, but, once you officially meet, your connection with the therapist feels different. That’s okay! Feel empowered to take the time to find the best fit for you and your needs (just like test driving multiple cars!). What to Expect in Therapy Before attending your first therapy session, make sure to consult with your provider and ask about sliding scale rates and whether they accept your insurance. This way, you won’t have to worry about the cost of obtaining services and will know that your chosen provider is within your budget. Cost is often a barrier to attending therapy, so sorting out the issue beforehand may ease any feelings of stress or worry. It’s also important to ask about the structure of your appointments. For example, clarify how long sessions will last. Counseling and psychotherapy sessions typically last an hour unless a provider indicates otherwise. You might also inquire about the overall treatment length. The duration will vary, depending on your provider and your presenting concerns, but it’s important to understand how long you will be in therapy – whether several months or several years. And confirm whether your sessions will be in-person or virtual: discuss which would be best for your treatment and your schedule. During your first session, ask questions about the things that matter most to you in therapy. You may want to know how many years your therapist has been practicing, or their approach to someone with your concerns. The first session can also be a time to address values important for you to have recognized within the therapy setting. Common Myths about Therapy Something must be wrong with me if I need to attend therapy. People attend therapy for a variety of reasons, from managing daily life stressors (e.g., work-related stress, family relationships) to navigating severe mental illness (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia). I will be judged by my therapist. For those who have never attended therapy before, one fear is that they will be judged when sharing vulnerable information. However, therapy is intended to be a safe space anyone willing to be vulnerable and authentic in their experiences. If anyone finds out I am going to therapy, I will be ruined. People will see me as weak. There is still a stigma around attending therapy, but it’s important to know that this service is confidential. Just like with any doctor’s visit, your attendance in therapy and what you share there stay within that space and are not something that will be shared unless you feel inclined to do so. Once I start therapy, I will be in therapy forever. The length of time that you attend can vary and depends on a variety of factors, including your presenting concerns and the form of therapy you choose. It’s also important to know that it may take time to see results – therapy is not an immediate process. All types of therapy are the same. Therapy can look different based on presenting concerns, the theoretical orientation of your provider, and the type of provider from whom you are seeking services. Therapy is a resource that is often underused due to unclear information on how to find a therapist, a lack of knowledge about the types of providers, and various myths that keep people from attending. Seeking therapy can be an individual, couple, or family choice, one centered on well-being and mental health. Remember that seeking therapy doesn’t mean you are weak. Instead, therapy gives you an opportunity for growth and additional support.
STAYING “MERRY AND BRIGHT”: TIPS FOR OVERCOMING STRESS DURING THE HOLIDAY SEASON
The holiday season can bring people together for food, family, and celebration, but it can also be a stressful time of year. Luckily, there are resources available to ease the stress many families experience to help them relax and have a joyful holiday. This article will discuss how holiday stress impacts military families, as well as some tips and resources for overcoming stress during the holiday season. Levels of Stress Holiday stress is usually associated with positive or tolerable stress levels, but it can be amplified for military families due to deployments or other military-specific challenges. There are three stress levels: positive, tolerable, and toxic (Franke, 2014). Positive stress provides just enough pressure on an individual to drive them forward and keep them moving (e.g., hoping to get that job promotion). Tolerable stress in an unexpected or sudden event that causes stress on the mind and body but is not severe or prolonged enough to have any long-lasting effects (e.g., family coming together for the holidays). Toxic stress occurs when there is prolonged stress on the body and mind, causing poor health overall, the potential for the development of chronic illness, a compromised immune system, and a low sense of wellbeing (e.g., experiencing abuse/neglect) (Franke, 2014; Edwards, 2016; APA, 2018). Deployments and Holiday Stress While the holidays are a busy time of year for all families, military families may experience the added stress of being separated from their loved ones due to deployments. According to Maj. Saul Cardona, separation from loved ones around the holidays may create a sense of emotional emptiness that could cause deployed Service members to take unnecessary risks during missions (13th Sustainment Command Expeditionary Public Affairs, 2009). Unnecessary risks while serving in the armed forces can be life threatening, so maintaining focus is crucial. Holiday stress may also be heightened even more so for civilian spouses, who are most often women, particularly during deployments. One study found that women were more likely than men to report high levels of stress during the holidays, especially those who took charge of preparing meals, making plans, and decorating (Greenberg, 2006). This suggests that taking on more tasks and responsibilities during the holiday season (in addition to an already full load) can create more stress than someone has the capacity for. Tips for Overcoming Holiday Stress Although stress is inevitable, the holiday season can still be full of wonder and joy. Check out our tips below to keep you and your family happy and healthy this season: Find balance: Don’t try to take on too much at one time! Make time for the preparations that go into the holiday season but build in time for self-care and quality time with your family and friends. Connect with the people around you: If you are separated from your family or your Service member, try to lean on others in your support system, whether that is other Service members, family, or friends. You could also take advantage of peer-to-peer support such as this option from Military OneSource. Don’t try to make up for your absence with overspending: For those who are separated from their loved ones, overspending or making extravagant plans could do more harm than good. Remember that nothing can replace the presence of a family member and know that there will be plenty of time for celebration when you are reunited. Engage in regular physical exercise: Staying active is an important part of being healthy and happy this holiday season. Exercise regularly to maintain your physical health and a positive sense of wellbeing. Practice habits that promote restful sleep: If you aren’t well rested, then you may not be at your best for the holidays. One quick tip to promote better sleep is to avoid eating a large meal and consuming caffeine or alcohol within 2-3 hours before bed. Holiday Resources for Military Families There are many resources out there for Service members and their families that provide support to those in need this holiday season. Check out the below resources for information on travel assistance, financial help, food insecurity, as well as general holiday season help for families and Service members. Travel Assistance: Military OneSource-Travel Benefits for College Students Who Are Military Family Members The resource above discusses the available travel benefits for college students who are in a Military family. Holiday Tree Assistance: The Christmas Spirit Foundation-Trees For Troops The Christmas Spirit Foundation-Trees for Troops program delivers Christmas trees to Military bases around the country for Service members and their families who may need assistance securing a tree for the holidays. The Christmas Tree Project The Christmas Tree Project helps to provide families in need with fully decorated Christmas trees. Holiday Meal Assistance: Operation Homefront-Holiday Meals For Military The Holiday Meals website is a resource discussing holiday meal programs at Military bases around the country. Gifting Assistance: My Brother’s Keeper-Christmas Gifting Program My Brother’s Keeper helps families in the Eastern Massachusetts area with holiday gifting, including children, teens, and parents. Armed Services YMCA-Operation Holiday Joy The Armed Services YMCA-Operation Holiday Joy program provides holiday meal supplies and gifts to families and children near ASYMCA locations. The Salvation Army-Angel Tree The Salvation Army’s Angel Tree program helps to provide gifts to children in need during the holiday season. Financial Assistance: Operation Homefront-Critical Financial Assistance The Critical Financial Assistance program is a resource available to Military families who are in critical financial need, and is available all over the country. General Assistance: The Salvation Army-Brighten The Holidays The Brighten The Holidays is a resource that assists families in a variety of ways (e.g., paying a bill) around the country. Contact a nearby branch to see what services are available. American Red Cross-Services for Military and Veteran Families The American Red Cross is available to Military families and provides 24/7 support all year long. Explore the website above to discover the services are available (e.g., financial assistance). The holidays should be a magical time of year filled with wonder and joy for all, however people all across the country feel the added weight of holiday stress. Just know that you aren’t alone! There are people and resources available to help you and your family combat holiday stress and celebrate “the most wonderful time of the year”.
Auburn University Research Symposium
This month, Auburn University hosted its annual research symposium. The goal is for students to have the opportunity to present their research and scholarly discoveries to their peers and colleagues. Among the presenters were two members of the Military REACH team, Emily Hanson and Melike Coskun, PhD students. Read about their presentations below. What matters and for whom? Risk and protective factors associated with food insecurity severity among military-connected families Presenter: Emily Hanson, PhD Student and REACH Research Associate Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that Service members experience food insecurity at nearly twice the rate of civilians. Indicators of financial instability tend to explain many antecedents to food insecurity among civilians, yet risk factors of food insecurity may be different for military-connected families (active duty and Veteran). Active-duty families have access to a regular income and other resources positioned to promote economic stability. However, for these currently serving families, the military lifestyle can also be highly mobile, introducing unique barriers to stability (e.g., spouse unemployment). For formerly serving (i.e., Veteran) families, differences in the civilian job market and community systems at play may impact employment and access to resources, all possible risk factors of food security and resource utilization. There are also unique facilitators that can bolster well-being among this population, such as shared culture and social support. The primary objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and predictors of food insecurity among 1,304 military-connected families – both active duty and Veteran – who participate in Blue Star Families, a nonprofit with the mission of strengthening military families by creating communities of support. Multinomial logistic regression models identified risk (e.g., unemployment, number of children) and protective factors (e.g., nonprofit support) associated with the severity of food insecurity. These models were fit separately based on military status, specifically, active-duty Service members, active-duty spouses, Veterans, and Veteran spouses. Findings are positioned to advance the conversation on the prevalence of food security, assist in the screening and identification of families at risk of food insecurity, and enhance understanding of how nonprofits can support at-risk families. Exploring prenatal predictors of childhood obesity in a comprehensive literature review Presenter: Melike Coskun, PhD Student and REACH Graduate Research Assistant Abstract: Childhood obesity is a significant health issue in the U.S. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), data from 2017 to 2020 show that almost 1 in 5 children and adolescents were obese. In Alabama, the CDC reported that in 2023, nearly 2 in 5 people (39.2%) had obesity, ranking Alabama as the fifth highest state for obesity. Childhood obesity is linked to a wide range of health problems, including stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, sleep apnea, asthma, depression, anxiety, chronic diseases, and increased morbidity later in life (Ayine et al., 2020). In 2019, the medical cost of obesity among children was $1.3 billion US dollars. Therefore, identifying the early life risk factors for childhood obesity is essential to implementing effective prevention. Most research has focused largely on identifying the risk factors for childhood obesity during early and late childhood, including high birth weight, excessive weight gain, shorter breastfeeding duration, problematic eating patterns, poor nutritional diet, lack of physical activity, poor sleep, and sociodemographic factors. However, emerging evidence highlights the importance of identifying the risk factors as early as prenatal periods. The primary aim of this literature review is to explore the perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity, with a specific focus on the mother’s gestational weight gain or prior obesity, tobacco use, poor maternal nutrition and diet, sleep problems, lack of physical activity, and maternal psychological problems during pregnancy (Baidal et al., 2016; Córdoba-Rodríguez et al., 2022; Sacco et al., 2013; Qureshi et al., 2018). The literature review will be guided by the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework, which suggests that environmental factors during early life can permanently affect the onset of health problems by increasing the risk of diseases in later life (Lacagnina, 2019).
2021 EXCELLENCE IN RESEARCH ON MILITARY AND VETERAN FAMILIES AWARD
This month, the Military Family Research Institute (MFRI) presented the awards for the 2021 Barbara Thompson Excellence in Research on Military and Veteran Families Award. The meeting included the presentation of the award and a panel discussion from experts in the field. A recording the event will be available at a later date and 1.5 continuing education credits (CEUs) will be available. And without further ado, the 2021 winner and finalists of the Barbara Thompson Excellence in Research on Military and Veteran Families award are… 2021 AWARD WINNER THE PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF EMOTION DURING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: VAGAL FLEXIBILITY MODERATES THE EFFECTS OF A MILITARY PARENTING INTERVENTION ON FATHER INVOLVEMENT IN A RANDOMIZED TRIAL Zhang, N., Hoch, J., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2020). The physiological regulation of emotion during social interactions: Vagal flexibility moderates the effects of a military parenting intervention on father involvement in a randomized trial. Prevention Science, 21, 691-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01122-6 2021 AWARD FINALIST PARENTAL WARTIME DEPLOYMENT AND SOCIOEMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MILITARY PARENTS’ PERCEIVED THREAT DURING DEPLOYMENT Hajal, N. J., Aralis, H. J., Kiff, C. J., Wasserman, M. M., Paley, B., Milburn, N. G., ... & Lester, P. (2020). Parental wartime deployment and socioemotional adjustment in early childhood: The critical role of military parents’ perceived threat during deployment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(3), 307-317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22475 2021 AWARD FINALIST A DYADIC EXAMINATION OF DRINKING BEHAVIORS WITHIN MILITARY-CONNECTED COUPLES Lee, J. D., O’Neill, A. S., Denning, E. C., Mohr, C. D., & Hammer, L. B. (2020). A dyadic examination of drinking behaviors within military-connected couples. Military Behavioral Health, 8(4), 396–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2020.1825241 2021 AWARD FINALIST PERCEIVED PARTNER RESPONSIVENESS, PAIN, AND SLEEP: A DYADIC STUDY OF MILITARY-CONNECTED COUPLES O’Neill, A. S., Mohr, C. D., Bodner, T. E., & Hammer, L. B. (2020). Perceived partner responsiveness, pain, and sleep: A dyadic study of military-connected couples. Health Psychology, 39(12), 1089-1099. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0001035 Since 2015, MFRI at Purdue University has worked to recognize military family and Veteran research through the Excellence in Research on Military and Veteran Families Award. In 2019, the Excellence in Research on Military and Family Veteran Award was renamed after Barbara Thompson due to her extensive military and Veteran families’ service. The primary goals of the award are to: Bring awareness to the new research available on military and Veteran families across disciplines, and to the issues faced by military and Veteran families Celebrate rigorous scientific research and advocate for evidence-informed policies and practices for our military and Veteran families Build and strengthen relationships between researchers and practitioners who are focused on military and Veteran families There is a rigorous process implemented to select the winning paper. No nominations or applications are accepted, and authors do not know their work is being considered. Instead, a large panel of accomplished scholars examines relevant articles published during the eligible year identified by the Military REACH team. Then, through multiple rounds of reviews that include standardized quantitative assessments, they arrive at their final selection.
UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCHER’S STUDY PUBLISHED IN AUJUS AND PRESENTED AT NATIONAL CONFERENCE
We want to celebrate Kristyn Waldron, a previous Military REACH Undergraduate Researcher, on the research fellowship she completed this semester. During her research fellowship, she conducted a study titled “ROTC cadets’ help-seeking attitudes: Examining the role of leadership style” that will be published in the Auburn University Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship (AUJUS) and presented this month at the national conference, Partnerships for Veteran & Military Health Conference: Inspiring a Community of Care and Connection. The current study sought to answer two research questions: What is the factor structure of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help (Fisher & Farina, 1995) measure among ROTC cadets? How is leadership style associated with help-seeking? This study found that leaders who had a relationship-oriented leadership style (i.e., value relationships, show concern for others, and help group members get along) were more open to seeking help. Additionally, leaders who were able to have socio-cultural conversations (e.g., conversations about social issues, religion, politics) with peers were also more open to seeking treatment. Implications from these findings include promoting relationship-oriented leadership and emphasizing the importance of having socio-cultural conversations across multiple disciplines including businesses, health care settings, military units, and university settings which, in turn, may promote positive mental health within leaders and the individuals they lead. Congratulations, Kristyn! It is an incredible accomplishment to have your work published in a journal and to present the findings at a national conference prior to graduating!
2020 EXCELLENCE IN RESEARCH ON MILITARY AND VETERAN FAMILIES AWARD
This week, the Military Family Research Institute (MFRI) presented the winner of the 2020 Barbara Thompson Excellence in Research on Military and Veteran Families Award. The meeting included the presentation of the award and a panel discussion from experts in the field. Since 2015, MFRI at Purdue University has worked to recognize military family and Veteran research through the Excellence in Research on Military and Veteran Families Award. In 2019, the Excellence in Research on Military and Family Veteran Award was renamed after Barbara Thompson due to her extensive military and Veteran families’ service. The primary goals of the award are to: - Bring awareness to the new research available on military and Veteran families across disciplines, and to the issues faced by military and Veteran families - Celebrate rigorous scientific research and advocate for evidence-informed policies and practices for our military and Veteran families - Build and strengthen relationships between researchers and practitioners who are focused on military and Veteran families There is a rigorous process implemented to select the winning paper. No nominations or applications are accepted, and authors do not know their work is being considered. Instead, a large panel of accomplished scholars examines relevant articles published during the eligible year identified by the Military REACH team. Then, through multiple rounds of reviews that include standardized quantitative assessments, they arrive at their final selection. 2020 RESEARCH AWARD WINNER EVERYTHING HERE IS FINE: PROTECTIVE BUFFERING BY MILITARY SPOUSES DURING A DEPLOYMENT Sarah P. Carter, Keith D. Renshaw, Elizabeth S. Allen, Howard J. Markman, & Scott M. Stanley Link to research summary: https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-Carter19TRIP Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12457 Open access of the publisher’s website for two months. Interactive arrow that shows/hides study takeaways text (˃/˅ - like the library page) ˅ STUDY TAKEAWAYS o It is common for civilian partners to struggle with how much information to share with their Service members during deployment given that such conversations might distract the Service members during high-risk situations, putting them or others in danger. Thus, some civilian partners report using protective buffering during deployments where they do not readily share concerns from the home front and/or conceal problems or information to shield their Service member. o This study (N=54 military couples) examined associations between the civilian partner’s use of protective buffering, the Service member’s family-related distraction (i.e., thinking about family members or family situations while performing job duties), and both partners’ marital satisfaction and psychological distress across the deployment cycle (i.e., predeployment, during deployment, and postdeployment). o Although almost all civilian partners reported using protective buffering during deployment, this strategy was not associated with the Service members’ being less distracted by family-related concerns while deployed. Instead, protective buffering was associated with higher psychological distress and lower levels of marital satisfaction for both the civilian partner and the Service member. 2020 RESEARCH AWARD FINALISTS TRAIT MINDFULNESS AND ANGER IN THE FAMILY: A DYADIC ANALYSIS OF MALE SERVICE MEMBERS AND THEIR FEMALE PARTNERS Na Zhang, Timothy F. Piehler , Abigail H. Gewirtz, Osnat Zamir, & J. Snyder Link to research summary: https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-ZhangEtAlTRIP Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12384 Open access of the publisher’s website for two months. Interactive arrow that shows/hides study takeaways text (˃/˅ - like the library page) STUDY TAKEAWAYS o Service members who have been previously deployed sometimes demonstrate anger symptoms that can negatively impact themselves and their families. Trait mindfulness, the tendency to be non-judgmentally present in the moment, may help reduce anger and the relational impacts of anger. o Using data from 155 heterosexual military couples, this study examined how three different facets of trait mindfulness: (1) acting with awareness (i.e., being aware of one’s thoughts and emotions), (2) non-judging (i.e., not judging one’s thoughts and emotions), and (3) non-reactivity (i.e., not impulsively acting on one’s thoughts and emotions) were associated with anger that was observed during a conflict resolution task. o For both mothers and fathers, non-reactivity was associated with less observed anger. Mothers’ non-reactivity was also associated with less observed anger of fathers. Neither acting with awareness nor non-judging were related to anger. STICKING IT OUT IN TRAUMA-FOCUSED TREATMENT FOR PTSD: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Laura A. Meis, Siamak Noorbaloochi, Emily M. Hagel Campbell, Christopher R. Erbes, Melissa A. Polusny, Tina L. Velasquez, Ann Bangerter, Andrea Cutting, Afsoon Eftekhari, Craig S. Rosen, Peter W. Tuerk, Lori B. Burmeister, & Michele R. Spoont Link to research summary: https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-Meis2019 Link to source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000386 Open access of the publisher’s website for two months. Interactive arrow that shows/hides study takeaways text (˃/˅ - like the library page) STUDY TAKEAWAYS o Trauma-focused treatment is known to help those who struggle with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience fewer symptoms, but the number of Veterans who drop out before completing PTSD treatment is concerning. o This study examined how social control (i.e., explicit support efforts by a loved one to get their Veteran to complete PTSD treatment and face any difficult emotions along the way) and PTSD symptom accommodation (i.e., a loved one changing his/her behaviors to lessen or avoid the stress that their Veteran may experience during PTSD treatment) were related to Veterans’ treatment completion. Additionally, this study also explored whether these associations varied by the Veteran’s perceived relationship strain (i.e., feeling like a loved one is critical of them or stress in the relationship). o Veterans who received encouragement from their partner to face the difficult phases of treatment (i.e., experienced social control) were more likely to complete treatment. Social control was not related to lower likelihood of treatment dropout for Veterans with high-strain relationships. That is, when Veterans felt supported and encouraged by their partner, they were likely to remain in treatment regardless of relationship strain. SEXUAL ASSAULT EXPERIENCES VARY FOR ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY WOMEN DEPENDING ON THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE PERPETRATOR Dina Eliezer, Aubrey J. Hilbert, Lisa H. Davis, Kimberly Hylton, William Xav Klauberg, Maia M. Hurley, Zachary J. Gitlin, Karmon D. Dyches, & Nathan W. Galbreth Link to research summary: https://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-Eliezer2020 Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00085-9 Open access of the publisher’s website for two months. Interactive arrow that shows/hides study takeaways text (˃/˅ - like the library page) STUDY TAKEAWAYS o Prevention of sexual assault is an ongoing topic of discussion among military policy makers and clinicians, yet little research has focused on these experiences specifically among active-duty Service members. o Using a sample of active-duty women (N = 1,230) who had experienced sexual assault in the past 12 months, this study explored differences in sexual assault experiences (e.g., type of sexual assault, location, support after reporting) based on the women’s relationship to the perpetrator (i.e., intimate partner, friend/acquaintance, stranger, not specified). o Most women were assaulted by someone they knew. Further, women assaulted by an intimate partner were also more likely to report sexual harassment before and after the assault; these women also had greater difficulty garnering support from military leadership and victim advocates after reporting compared to those who were assaulted by non-intimate partners (e.g., strangers, acquaintance). MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS AND THE REINTEGRATION DIFFICULTY OF MILITARY COUPLES FOLLOWING DEPLOYMENT: A LONGITUDINAL APPLICATION OF THE RELATIONAL TURBULENCE MODEL Leanne K. Knobloch, Lynne M. Knobloch-Fedders, & Jeremy B. Yorgason Link to research summary: http://aub.ie/MilitaryREACH-Knobloch19TRIP Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22734 Open access of the publisher’s website for two months. Interactive arrow that shows/hides study takeaways text (˃/˅ - like the library page) STUDY TAKEAWAYS o The transition from deployment to reintegration is a difficult time for Service members and their at-home partners. Drawing on suppositions of relationship turbulence theory, this study examined the extent to which relationship uncertainty and partner interference (i.e., disruption in daily routines) may link mental health concerns to reintegration difficulty. Furthermore, this study also explored when Service members and their at-home partners tend to experience reintegration difficulty. o Data were collected from 555 military couples over eight consecutive months. On average, military couples began their participation in the study approximately 4 days after returning from deployment. o The results highlight the complex role relationship uncertainty and partner interference play in explaining the link between mental health and reintegration difficulty. Examination of Service members and at-home spouses’ reports of reintegration difficulties across time showed that military couples tend to experience the greatest amount of reintegration difficulty approximately 4- 5 weeks after the Service member returns from deployment. Congratulations to the winner and finalists of the 2020 Barbara Thompson Excellence in Research on Military and Veteran Families Award! Research helps to pave the way for more effective policies and practice to better serve military and Veteran families. To stay up-to-date on the most current research on military and Veteran families, register to receive the Military REACH monthly newsletter. Our newsletter provides monthly updates on the happenings of the team and connects readers to the latest products that are available on www.MilitaryREACH.org.